Commentary On Student Characteristics And Learning Theories

Commentary on Student Characteristics Learning Theories In a classroom, there are always a wide variety of characteristics that make up each child. There are never two children that are alike. As a teacher, this has to be taken into consideration because they are all different, they learn differently as well. I think it is most important in the first few weeks to really get to know your students and build a rapport with them. That is my number one priority in the classroom. If you know your students, you can better help them. When you know what makes them tick, what motivates them, and what will set them off you can better address their learning and their needs. Over the past few weeks of being in the classroom, I have really focused my time and energy into truly getting to know each child; their likes, dislikes, motivators, and turnoffs. Although there are always things to continue to learn about, I feel that I know my students well enough to be able to adjust my planning and their learning to best suit them. The theorists that I have spent my college time learning about and feel apply mostly to my teaching style are B.F Skinner, Benjamin Bloom, and Lev Vygotsky. I believe that these men have created theories that best suit an actual classroom. Using B.F Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning resonates with me the most (simplypsychology.org). I believe that if a student if constantly given praise for the right things, they will continue but if they are givenShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Research On Formative Feedback888 Words   |  4 Pages3. Reviews/Commentaries Shute,V. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153-189. 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Cultural Diversity At The Global Monoculture - 2260 Words

Slide 1 Title Slide Only Slide 2 The subject of cultural diversity leads organizations to search for an understanding of what this concept really means. As found in most dictionaries and many business journals, cultural diversity is the value of the differences that exist between people groups. This is in opposition to what is seen as a monoculture, as in the global monoculture; this is the homogenization of cultures. The simple phrase cultural diversity can also refer to there being different cultures respects for each other s differences as they are and not being biased because of those differences. In business and other circles, the phrase cultural diversity is sometimes used to mean the variety of human societies or cultures within a very particular geographic region. Breaking the concept of cultural diversity down a little further there is the idea that a person or groups identity is that which is belonging to, partly to oneself. The self-conception and self-perception to a person’s national group, ethnic group, religious group, social group, generational group, has its own distinct culture. This is also to say that cultural identity is both the identifying characteristic of the individual but it will also be seen as that which is culturally identical to the group. Its total comprise of all members are in some ways sharing the same cultural identity. In politics this idea of cultural identity seems to overlap as well. In politics the culture can simply be thoseShow MoreRelatedPotential Problems When Using Multicultural Diverse Team in Global Organization994 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are some potential problems that must be overcome when using the multicultural diverse team in global organization? As for 2006 and above, there are many problems regarding multicultural diverse team in global organization. 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The more you learn from one another, the more successful you will be. It’s good to develop your skills

Indians vs. Europeans Free Essays

Shelby Bradley The idea of a brand new world across the ocean sparked interest in many Europeans. They saw it as an opportunity to get rich quick and benefit immensely. The issue they didn’t see was the presence of the Native Americans who were already on the land. We will write a custom essay sample on Indians vs. Europeans or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Europeans sailed into North America and immediately started excluding the Indians and taking their land. This caused many conflicts between the two groups, especially in the New England and Spanish Southwest region and during the 1600’s. In 1620, the first New England settlement was founded. It was at a site called Plymouth Rock and was the location of the Mayflower Compact. At first the colonists had lots of trouble figuring out how to grow crops and hunt and basically survive in this new world. The local Native Americans showed them how to farm and hunt and soon the colony prospered. It’s hard to understand why so many conflicts occurred when clearly the Native Americans weren’t fighting our arrival. The colony was doing so well that other people from Europe saw opportunity and starting moving to New England. Soon the colony was overcrowded and the colonists started taking the Indians’ land. They also hunted too much, spread their diseases to the Indians, and also tried to convert them to Christianity. The Indians did not take this lightly. They started to fight back. For example, they killed Anne Hutchinson and her family. The Europeans’ greed was the root of these conflicts and the Native American’s response didn’t help their relationship either. Meanwhile there were also problems in the Spanish Southwest. By the 1600’s most of South and Central America were occupied by Europeans, so the Spanish started heading north. The Spanish immediately killed and enslaved any Indians that they ran into. By the time they reached New Mexico, slavery was in full swing and they were trying to convert the Indians to Christianity as well. How to cite Indians vs. Europeans, Papers

Cloud Computing Implementation in Webb-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing Approaches for Webbs. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to put emphasis on cloud computing implementation in Webbs using two approaches as described in the body of the report. Cloud computing is a revolutionary wireless technology that enables an individual or an organization to do business operations using internet and can save several data and information in the cloud. An IaaS Approach to Migrating Webbs Database to the Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud infrastructure service that is self-service model for monitoring, managing and accessing datacenters situated at different places as that of Webbs. These service models are capable of doing computing, networking services and storage of data of the business (Manvi Shyam, 2014). It is easily accessible and purchasable as this implementation does not need any external hardware and payment for this model can be done online as simple as other bill payment services. As compared to other models IaaS offers users to manage applications runtime, data, Oses, and middleware. A PaaS Approach to Migrating Webbs Database to the Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) can be used for developing applications that are suitable for Webbs as well as providing cloud components to the software. PaaS provides a framework at which software can be developed or customized (Malfara, 2013). It can be beneficial in developing, testing and deploying applications in simple, cost-effective and quick manner. Applications running on PaaS inherit the cloud characteristics like SaaS enablement, high-availability, scalability, multi-tenancy and many more. It is beneficial for Webbs as this implication will help in reducing the needed coding amount, helps in migrating applications in hybrid models, and it also helps in automation of business policies. Comparing Advantages and Disadvantages of IaaS and PaaS approaches Advantages Disadvantages IaaS PaaS IaaS PaaS Customers have full control over all activities not as that in PaaS. Full control over processing data. Much secure Cloud services. Much cost-effective as compared to IaaS. Unlike to SaaS it allows users to run own applications too. Full control on user access. Handled by the provider results in less management of the VM (Virtual Machine) or processing data (McGrath, 2012). Unlike PaaS customers are only responsible backups and rest of VM (Virtual Machine) Management. Not much control over physical location. Much expensive as compared to PaaS. Big security risk as there is no control over processing data. Platform is controlled by Cloud provider. Management tasks consumes more time. Not much cost effective and not as much control over processing data as IaaS. IaaS Approach for Webbs Security of data and information saved in the database will be the most important topic for implementing and cloud computing architect or model in the existing management system of Webbs. Cloud is a place where an individual can save various data and access it from anywhere but this is not invulnerable, data breaches may happen to the database, which can lead information and data to be manipulated and exposed (Garg, Versteeg Buyya, 2013). By implementing IaaS in Webbs, no doubt it will be costly but the information and data will be much safer than any other model. It will also provide user access to manage all the data processing in any application. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that introducing Cloud Computing by IaaS approach will be much more beneficial for Webbs as compared to any another approaches like PaaS and SaaS which are common models among nowadays organization. This approach has many advantages as compared to other approaches with an exception of increase in cost. References: Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), 1012-1023. Malfara, D. (2013).Platform as a Service. working paper ACC 626, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, 3 July. Manvi, S. S., Shyam, G. K. (2014). Resource management for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing: A survey.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,41, 424-440. McGrath, M. (2012).Understanding PaaS. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".

Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary

The Situation In this case, the situation is about developing a batter marketing strategy, using perceptual maps for a product that targets a particular group of people. Perceptual maps do represent the visual aspects of the product for easy conceptualization since it provides more details about the brand (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). It aims at conceptualizing, capturing and maintaining a sizeable market share for the product. Therefore, it significantly helps in selling the product, identifying and finding solution to marketing simulation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommended Solution In using perceptual maps, the marketers have to reflect on a number of recommendations, which are vital for the success of the selling strategy (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). In order to solve the marketing problems, the m arketer must develop a perceptual map that illustrates the product’s feature and a different one showing the attributes of the ones offered by the competitor. From the perceptual map, the marketer should explain the research ratings about his/her product’s features, in comparison with the attributes of the competitor’s brand (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). This is to convince the potential customers about the advantages they stand to derive from the product as opposed to the one offered by the competitors. In particular, when the perceptual map is observed objectively, the marketer chooses the best parameters to explain the product (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). This is critical because the customers would see the features, thereby make informed and choices. Therefore, the marketer must remain objective while addressing the marketing dynamics since the practice would definitely shape the information presented on the perceptual map. Results Under thi s simulation, the varied responses indicate that the brand had high and low features, of different levels depending on the customer ratings. In this case, whatever one customer thinks is a high attribute could actually be demeaned by the other client. The other result is that, using the perceptual map gives room for comparison of different or competing brands. To illustrate this perception, consider the tabulated findings bellow: Table 1 Company Thorr Motorcycles Inc. Haruhiro – Daisetsu Motorcycles Brand CruiserThorr Anzai Engine Features Superior Engine Durable Engine Lifestyle Image High – Upper Market Fun – Younger Market Price $25,000 $14,300 Service Limited Service Support to Dealers Source: (Documentary)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary of the Various Marketing Components In terms of the marketing components, the marketers have to focus on various perception needs so that the product could outshine the competitors. For example, in marketing simulation, the product’s performance, price, lifestyle image, service offering, and quality engineering are the fundamental parameters of product that the perceptual map should illustrate (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). The Connection between Positioning and Differentiation of Products or Services The relationship between the two marketing aspects is that they help in making decisions regarding the applicable marketing strategy of products and services (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). For instance, positioning the product helps in easing its accessibility to the consumers. Here, the perceptual map gives more information about the product’s market positions, thus helping the marketers to maintain, boost or alter the status. Alternatively, differentiation classifies the goods according to their features. This also makes it easy for the poten tial client to decide on the product or service whose characteristics are desirable (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). Therefore, the two concepts are interrelated and play a vital role in marketing of the manufactured goods and services. Repositioning of the Product in the Simulation Considering the situation in this simulation, the marketer can reposition the product through launching a new one with features, which the clients require. Indeed, this would force the marketers to develop a different marketing plan and if possible, another product differentiation approach that would suit the consumers and the market situation (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). For example, when repositioning the product in the simulation, the marketer should study the perceptual map to determine its existing position. Furthermore, the consumer profiles could also assist in establishing the potential audience to be targeted for the repositioning. After this, the marketer carries out strategic ana lysis of the product’s 4Ps and SWOT so that the new product would be competitive in the market (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). Importantly, during repositioning, the perceptual map should guide the marketer to postulate the product’s position in relation to each strategy that would be applied (Surhone, Timpledon Marseken, 2010). Therefore, the product’s position on the perceptual map would be the determining factor whether it should merely be repositioned or launched again. The practice would also aid in selecting the suitable positioning and differentiation strategies. The Effect of the Product’s Lifecycle on Marketing The product’s lifecycle is really significant in marketing because it shows customer behavior towards the goods over time. The entire lifecycle of the product starts with its introduction in the market, its growth, maturity and the possible decline as expressed below.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Us ing Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 1 In marketing, the trend in the lifecycle helps in determining the necessary changes, which should be made to enhance the product’s growth (Antti Anselmi, 2008). In this case, the perceptual map would give a clear visual expression of the postulated lifecycle regarding the product, thus assisting in modifications. Through examining the product’s lifecycle, the marketer would be able to predict the product behavior and understand the dynamic in the market. In addition, the growth trends determine the product’s suitability and competitiveness. The other aspect of the product lifecycle it could experience a level-off, not necessarily indicating it has reached maturity, but in response to the market forces (Antti Anselmi, 2008). Here, the level-off could be temporary and the trend might continue to full maturity. However, i n case of unprecedented decline, the product has to be repositioned through making adjustments to its features to suit the customers. Also, proper marketing, the product might achieve remarkable growth and development of the product, thus eliminate cases of decline at advanced stages, especially towards maturity (Antti Anselmi, 2008). Effect of the Lifecycle on the Product in the Simulation As reflected in the simulation, the product lifecycle has some affects on itself. For example, the cycle necessitated technological innovation to improve the product’s quality and make it relevant to the consumer’s lifestyle ideals (Antti Anselmi, 2008). As a result, the marketer selected the attributes and ideals, which the customers preferred and wrote them on the perceptual map (Antti Anselmi, 2008). Moreover, the information on the perceptual map becomes useful in making decision regarding the marketing strategy to adopt. Basically, the customer’s needs and requirement s could alter the features on the perceptual map. Besides, the alterations in the targeted customers would equally change the content of the perceptual map. For instance, if the targeted group changes based on sex, age, taste, social status and income level, manufacturers are compelled to shift the marketing mix (Antti Anselmi, 2008). Similarly, the product features on the perceptual map should correspond to the change.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Antti, S. Anselmi, I. (2008). Product Lifecycle Management. New York, NY: Springer. Surhone, L., Timpledon, M. Marseken, S. (2010). Marketing, Product, Brand, Perceptual Mapping, Multidimensional Scaling, Factor Analysis, Conjoint Analysis, Logic Analysis in Marketing, Brand Management. New York, NY: Betascript Publishing. This report on Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary was written and submitted by user Bowen Espinoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation Summary

The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay Example

The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay Example The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay One. Holy. Catholic. Apostolic. these four words are the foundation of the Catholic Church. They are what the Church calls the â€Å"Four Marks. † The First Council of Constantinople established them in 381. These words were fist used in the Nicene Creed. and are still used to this twenty-four hours when we say â€Å"I believe in one sanctum. Catholic. apostolic Church. † With the Holy Spirit assisting to steer the Church it can transport out these four Markss. The fist grade of the Church is One describes. and it describes integrity. The Church tells us it is one because of three things. The grounds are that it is a beginning to the Trinity. besides because Jesus is the laminitis of the church. and the last is because the Holy Spirit is its psyche. It chiefly tells us about the integrity of the Body of Christ. This means that our Church is together as one. and non many divided communities. The 2nd grade is Holy. This describes to us that since God created the Church it is genuinely holy. The term means cosmopolitan. and this shows that the Church does non hold to be in a specific topographic point. or except a race or civilization. Jesus is the beginning to holiness. The 3rd grade is Catholic. It is Catholic because Jesus is ever present in the church. The last grade of the church is apostolic. Jesus is the soul laminitis of the church. and he gave all of the power in the church to his apostles to be bishops. and he had Peter be the leader called the Pope when he left. Besides the church has Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture. ( 1 ) One. is a grade of the church that can hold a connexion to many events. An event that relates to this grade of is Pentecost. It relates to this grade for assorted grounds. One ground is that since through this grade it says we are all united. and Pentecost shows how the Holy Spirit helped to unite people. Pentecost is like this. because when the Apostles were in the room. they were filled with the Holy Spirit. This allowed them to be able to prophesy in different linguistic communications. They could unify everyone because they can now talk all linguistic communications. and everyone could now hear about the narratives of Jesus. Another ground is that this grade tells us that the Holy Spirit guides us to carry through this grade. merely like at Pentecost where the Holy Spirit guided the Apostles to hold the bravery to travel out and baptise. ( 2 ) The 2nd grade of the Church is holy. and I feel that it has a strong connexion to Peter. I feel this manner. because Peter is the 1 of the holiest work forces to of all time populate. Jesus gave him the key to heaven. and personally appointed him to function as the Catholic Pope. Peter was besides was the lone Apostle who walked on H2O. because he believed in Jesus. but when he stopped he started to drop. This shows that he was one of the holiest work forces because no other adult male has walked on H2O. In my sentiment Peter is the perfect illustration of sanctum. because he is the foundation of our church. and our Church would non be where it is today. if it wasn’t for Peter. ( 3 ) The 3rd grade of the Church is Catholic. I feel that Mary is a good illustration of this grade. Mary is a good illustration because she is the female parent of God and a major image in our Catholic Church today. This grade connects to Mary. because she knew that Jesus was the boy of God. and she would make what of all time God asked of her. She neer sinned and was taken organic structure and psyche into Eden. This shows that she is the function theoretical account of all Catholics. and we need to seek to populate a life like hers. We ever need to retrieve that Jesus is ever with us. and we need to move every bit closely as we can to him. like Mary did. ( 3 ) The 4th and concluding grade of the church is Apostolic. I think that Paul is a good illustration of this. He was a one time a evildoer. because he persecuted Jews. so one twenty-four hours he had a major transition. He went blind. and his sight was subsequently returned. but right after that he began to prophesy the word of God. He is a good illustration of Apostolic. because he had a transition and subsequently became an Apostle. and he besides took missional journeys to prophesy about Jesus. and dispersed Catholicism. Paul besides wrote seven epistles that are in the New Testament. Paul was a great Apostle. and Scripture author. which is why I feel he connects with the Apostolic Mark. ( 3 ) At Providence the grade that I feel largely mundane is one. I feel this because I think that at Providence we are neer separated. there is ever a household atmosphere about the topographic point. Whenever we have all school multitudes. I feel that is when we genuinely have integrity among us. We all do non cognize each other. but it merely feels like were at place. All the people at Providence are so welcoming to one another. There is a particular bond between everyone here that makes you experience as one. like we are all incorporate. Integrity is all around Providence ; it happens mundane. because there is ever person at that place to pick you up no affair what. It is genuinely a 2nd household. because we are all united. The four Markss of the Church are the foundation of our church. We need to seek to populate them out so we can go better people. Many other faiths say these Markss in the Creed. but merely the Catholic Church reflect on what they really mean. The Church is one and all the people in it map as a whole. These four Markss have been passed down since Jesus’ clip and go on to this twenty-four hours.

Henrietta's Immortal Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Henrietta's Immortal Cells - Essay Example Sadly, this same rate of cell proliferation killed Henrietta but the cells have lived on to become support pillars of biological researches. â€Å"He-La are the first immortal human cell lineage† (Howard W Jones, Victor A. McKusick; Obstetrics and gynecology, pg-945-949). Dr.Gey distributed the cells worldwide to researchers, to help in research endeavors, because â€Å"He-la cells could be grown by anyone capable of trypsinizing cells† (Fredrick Bang, History of tissue culture), they divided rapidly, synthesized normal proteins, mimicked normal cell signaling, gene regulation and could be infected, and thus they became potential tools for study. He-La cells helped to develop Salk’s vaccine and the cells have also been used for gene mapping, Aids and Cancer studies, gene cloning, immunological studies. Author Rebecca Skloot â€Å"More than 60,000 published science articles have mentioned He-La cell research and the number just keeps on increasing† (Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal life of Henreitta

The legalization of marijuanna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The legalization of marijuanna - Essay Example in regard to the crime of drug use is that it is a self abusive crime, the only victim of the commission of this crime being the person using the drug. The illegal nature of drugs creates all of the victimization associated with drug use. More specifically, marijuana has properties that have the ability to naturally support different types of illnesses. Therefore, it is ethically irresponsible for society to continue to support the criminalization of drugs, especially in the case of marijuana. Through the lens of virtue ethics, one can examine an issue in regard to moral good and moral evil (Darwall, 2003, p. 53). One of the ways in which society has collectively determined that drugs should be criminalized is through the concept that they represent a moral evil. The social point of view is that anything that threatens the perception of safety and normalcy should be criminalized in order to provide perceived protection. The problem with this point of view is that it is blind to the realities of the effects of criminalization which are creating a far more moral evil than the self abuse of drug use represents. The moral evils that are created through criminalization is that it empowers people who have constructed evil intent, most often through greed, to create collaborative efforts that are outside of the control of the state. Virtue ethics is defined by perception. An example is given by Darwall (2003), in regard to two men who can provide another with the same service or advantage, the first man doing the service because he feels it is his moral responsibility and does it through a sense of altruism, where the second man does it because it fulfills an aspect of his own greed. The discussion is centered upon which man will have the greatest amount of sentiment, in this case gratitude, from the person who receives the service. It is the perceived motivation of the person providing the service that creates the level of gratitude as a response (p. 53). The fact is,

Analysis of a Leader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of a Leader - Research Paper Example Tutor Signature: Date: Introduction The following article includes the analysis of a well known business leader Bill Gates who is the Chairman, cofounder and chief software architect of Microsoft, which is among the most successful software company around the globe. The analysis starts with a brief about leader, leadership and the leadership theory which Bill Gates followed in his life. The discussion would include skills, traits, behavior, influence process and relevant aspect of the situation which made Bill Gates successful enough to be famous. The strength and weaknesses of Bill Gates are part of the analysis to give a clear insight of ups and downs in his career. Issues of ethical leadership have also been discussed. Leader and Leadership Leader may be defined as a person followed by others. He/ she are the one to lead thus motivating others to follow, while leadership is the process of influencing others to accomplish organizational goals. Hence, a leader is someone in the posi tion of leadership who motivates and inspires a team towards achievement of common goal. Analysis of the reasons why the leader was famous William Henry Gates III which is also commonly known to be as Bill Gates is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle Washington. Bill started showing interest in programming at an early age while studying in Lakeside school. This is where Bill gates met Paul Allen who is the co founder of Microsoft. They together through technological innovation, aggressive competitive tactics and keen business strategy build â€Å"Microsoft†, world’s largest software company. Gates because of his interest in programming didn’t plan to study further and dropped out of Harvard to start a company. Bill Gate’s career story shows influence from various leadership theories namely task oriented leadership, autocratic style, laissez faire leadership etc (Bill Gates biography, 2012). Traits Since childho od Bill was intelligent, ambitious and competitive. He believes if you know how to apply your intelligence then you can achieve anything and everything. He was passionate about software, coding and technology. This passion made him the richest man in the world. Bill Gates was a risk bearer who dropped out of Harvard in order to allocate his full energy and time to Microsoft, a company he started with his school friend Paul Allen. He believes in continuous learning which makes him a great leader (Lesinski, 2008). Skills Bill Gates quotes his success to hard work. Since the beginning of his life he is a hard worker dedicating the entire night working on computer in his college days and then sleeping only for 6 hours when he started Microsoft. The entrepreneurship in Gates has kept him focused towards his goal. He knows managing his work well and is a creative person. He was always confident of hid dream of becoming successful. With focus on goals Bill Gates efficiently managed all are as of the company. Because of great convincing skills he has made lot of successful deals in his career, IBM one of them though (Strother, 2007). Behavior Bill Gates is a determined person. Whenever he starts something new he would continue doing that project and won’t start another unless done with the first one. Gates never stopped trying when he was in process of making new software’s. He’s full of courage and never hesitates in taking risk. Once when he was about to lose lot of profit from

Does The Media Influence The Way People Think?

Does The Media Influence The Way People Think? It is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth and expose lies (Chomsky, 2008). In what way does information transmitted by the media influence the way people think? How we relate our values, attitude and beliefs about the world and others (Stuart, 2005). Fox News and the BBC are all well known examples of broadcast journalism (Hackett, 1999) and have been the focus of this research. The media plays a fundamental role in shaping societies opinions about significant issues (Asmal, 2008), the aftermath of 9/11 and 7/7 bombings medias impact still resonates throughout the world today, especially its impact on those who follow the Islamic faith. This paper highlights responses to media representations of Muslims and Islam in general. The main areas of interest for this piece of work will be the psychological explanations the current perceptions of Islam and its link to the media and whether factors such as religious background, gender and critical thinking skills have an ef fect on those for attitudes formed through the media. News Media Broadcasts Impact and Bias Broadcast journalism is a term that refers to news media in which information and current events are presented through electronic media, primarily through television news programs (disserbookblue). Media broadcasts such as these are responsible for the way news is gathered and transmitted, which is also relevant in political processes (Stuart, 2005).They tend to be a persuasive source of information, in the sense that it primarily has the potential to control to some extent the minds of the viewers, which in this case is the ultimate aim in exercise of power, usually indirect. Whilst the control of intentions, opinions, beliefs or knowledge acquired are that news can and ought to be a balanced objective reflection of social reality; the political attitudes of journalist or editorial decision makers are a major determinant of the news bias (Hackett, 1999). Chompsky,1987, felt that whilst it is the intended purpose to empower the public to voice their opinion and control the government this is not how it is always used. Instead he presumes that the American media industry consists of myth makes that shape and restrict information which move the public to apathy and detachment and as a consequence allow the elite to run the country as they please. Chomsky felt that values such as democracy and freedom must be mobilized to protect are but they are instead threatened by the unregulated control of those who own the media. (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2009). Nevertheless media ownership is a very significant factor to keep in mind when considering media bias (Besley Prat 2004, Djankovet al. 2003). In the context of news, media bias is very well documented, a popular example that has been referred to very often is; American news broadcast channel Fox News. Findings from previous research such as . have found drastically different assertions from the war on terror and Islamic representation to recent political process in regard to Americas presidential campaign (Vigna and Kaplan, 2005). I challenge anybody to show me an example of bias in Fox News Channel.Rupert Murdoch (Salon, 3/1/01)The 24-hour Fox News channel is privately owned by Rupert Murdoch and was introduced in October 1996 to compete with CNN. By June 2000, 17.3 percent of the US population reported watching Fox News regularly (Scarborough Research data). Fox News coverage, however, is unique among the television media. Fox News is significantly to the right of all the other ma instream television networks (ABC, CBS, CNN, and NBC) (Groseclose and Milyo, 2005). However media bias generated by ownership can simply be explained through news consumption, which demands media to provide news caters to different audiences. (Mullainathan and Shleifer 2005, Gabszewicz, Laussel and Sonnac 2001). Empirical evidence to support this notion was adopted by a survey conducted by Pollingpoint based on 73,969 online interviews with U.S. adults aged 18 and older carried out from the 1st of October to the 21st of October 2004. These findings roughly describe the relationship between the viewers and news broadcasting channels, especially in relation to political identity (democrat or republican) and their valuations of TV networks. Nine in ten Republicans stated that FOX News offers the best news coverage among television networks, whereas Democrats seemed to have divided their loyalty among PBS and CNN with nearly 70 % naming one of the two as the best news source. The chart highlighted different preferences for different news, there clearly seems to be a dem and for certain news by different segments of consumers. Therefore media firms provide professed bias to cater to this demand (Mullainathan Shleifer, 2005). Media bias tends to emerge in the form of optimal slanting strategies of news providers because their target audience want certain (albeit different) degree and direction of slant. Thus, the extent of media bias is mainly the result of consumer heterogeneity (dissimilarity). This is intuitive. After all, if there is a need and demand for biased news, privately owned media will have an incentive to satisfy that need. Apart from Mullainathan Shleifer (2005), Gentzkow Shapriro (2004) also argue that media bias may emerge from competing media catering to biased viewers beliefs but in their paper the mechanism is slightly different: viewers consider the news that are consistent with their prior expectations of high quality (Xiang 2005).

Henrys Speeches in William Shakespeares Henry V -- Papers Henry V 5

Henry's Speeches in William Shakespeare's Henry V I will be writing about how Henry V wins the hearts of his men. Using, five main speeches that Henry V makes. I think that Henry won the hearts of his men by persuasion. Beforehand, I would like to apologize because I may talk about what ‘Henry’ says but I truly know this is what Shakespeare wrote. In the first speech the Dauphin presented Henry V with a set of tennis balls as a joke and insult. He was suggesting that Henry was a ‘child’ and not fit for being a king. I expected Henry V to be angry and yell with frustration but I noticed a sudden silence before Henry started his speech; it seemed as though he was collecting his thoughts and thinking how to answer Dauphin’s so called, â€Å"joke.† Henry used that time exceptionally wisely, he starts off with alliteration (which he also uses in Speeches 3, 4 and 5), â€Å"Pleasant/ Present/ Pains.† These words may sound calm and polite, but all these words need to be said with clenched teeth. I found the line 290, Act One Scene 2, interesting where Henry says, â€Å"†¦dazzle all the eyes of France, Yea strike the Dauphin blind to look us,† Henry compares himself to the sun: so bright and successful that the Dauphin would not be able to look up to him, making the Dauphin feel inferior. Henry here plays splendidly with words as we can see throughout the play, â€Å"Turn his balls to gunstones,† Henry changes something as harmless and simple as tennis balls into weapons of destruction. Henry is often religious and spiritual in his speeches. Here he says, â€Å"and soul shall stand sore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he attacks the Dauphin n... ...e me thinks, me/ fear, fellowship,† once again to give a rhythm to his speech and it makes one think about the words said. Henry names the day, â€Å"Feast of Crispin’s Day,† to me that sounded more of emotional blackmailing than encouragement. Henry says that if they win this battle they would be as common as, â€Å"household words.† Shakespeare utilizes the technique of ‘use of three’, â€Å"We few, we happy few, we band of brothers,† making it easier for his soldiers to trust him, making him sound more trustworthy. He uses emotional blackmail again as well, â€Å"Shall be my brothers.† I admired how different each speech is. I found it inspiring how Shakespeare can make Henry sound so trustworthy, sensitive and compassionate and two minutes later he can change the way one seems Henry just by the words he says.

Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches Essay

In the book â€Å"Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches†, Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter try to portray the process of leadership and discuss its theological aspects from Christian perspective. The authors actually consider different subjects and information related to different fields to draw a proper conclusion. Moreover throughout their book they also attempt to ensure that everything worth discussing has been discussed giving proper importance to all issues of the society. First of all the authors emphasize that the subject of leadership is a very important topic worth discussing and they explore this topic from different view points. The book comprises of six important chapters. The first chapter is about the growing interest in leadership in present days. In this chapter the authors start from the very beginning making the readers aware of different related definitions, causes and many important issues. In the second chapter the authors describe the different Biblical perspectives of the leadership. In this chapter they also discuss other past and existing perspectives and try to provide the readers the changing scenario of leadership and the ministries of the common people. In the third chapter they describe different emerging concepts including religious extent of leadership. At this context the authors help the readers to believe the fact that religious practices may help to produce people who will substantially respect the norms of the civilized society. In the fourth chapter the authors vividly describe the different popular approaches to leadership. Apart from the popular approaches, different approaches to leadership which are based on the faith of the people are also discussed in this part of the book. In the next chapter, one of the most important topics, the different ways of performing leadership have been discussed. In this regard the authors mention that a leader must be very honest to the common people in his or her job of leadership. Moreover the process of leadership should be carried on with veracity, truthfulness to the common people whom they represent and nevertheless the leaders must serve the common people with honesty. In the sixth and final chapter the authors describe the implementation and the different consequences of Christian leadership through analyzing some cases including the cases of Frank Buchman, Soren Kierkegaard who were leading figure in contemporary views. According to the authors, the book is â€Å"†¦a fruit of biblical investigation and reflection on our own experiences. †1 Actually, in the opinion of the writers, the book is based on the contemporary writings of different people and conclusions made by analyzing the lives of some exemplary Christian leaders. Above all the important conclusion, derived from the book, is that the leadership is all about the overall betterment of all people of the society and not for the improvement of a particular group of people of society. The interrelationship between religion and politics becomes more intricate in present days but one thing which can’t be denied that both religion and politics are for the complete improvement of the society and for reducing the sufferings of common people irrespective of their social stature. So far what we have discussed leads to the fact that true leadership in proper implementation of ministries or setting up a religious system by motivating a large number of people can be of great help to develop a nation. 1. Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter, Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2004), 11.

Should You Take the ACT or the SAT

Should You Take the ACT or the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're in high school, you may be wondering whether you should take the SAT or the ACT. In general, the two tests have gotten much more similarsince the SAT was revamped in 2016,but there are still a few differences that may sway you towards one or the other. In this guide, I've outlined some of the key factors you should keep in mind when deciding which test to focus on and created a quiz that can help you determine which test will be better for you. The first thing you should do is take anACTandSAT practice testand compare your scores. We have a conversion table where you can easily see how your SAT and ACT scores stack up. If you score much higher on one test than the other, I recommend that you study for and take the test you did better on. If your scores are pretty close and you're still not sure which exam to take, keep reading. Next, I recommend checkingwhether one exam or the other is required at your school. It's easier to study for a test you're already familiar with, so if your school requires either the ACT or the SAT, you'll want to seriously consider sticking to the requiredtest. Now, let's move on to the key reasons you might want to go with each test, starting with the SAT. Feature Image: jimflix!/Flickr Take the SAT If You... #1: Panic When Faced With Time Limits One of the most noticeable differences between the redesigned SAT and the ACT is the amount of time per question- you have much more of it on the SAT. This doesn't actually make the SAT easier,since its actual questions tend to be harder, but it does mean thatthe ACT feels like more of a time crunch than the SAT. As such, doing well on the ACTrequires calm in the face of time limits. If you struggle to move through material quickly or tend to panic, you'll likely do better with the SAT. #2: Can’t Stand the Idea of Not Getting to Every Question On the SAT, you have enough time to get to most of the questions, as long as you use it wisely. On the ACT, you probably won't finish all of the sections unless you're scoring a 30 or above. If you have an obsessive need to answer every single question, you should stick tothe SAT. #3: Have a Hard Time Spotting Details When You Read SAT reading questions almost always give you the line number where you can find the relevant information. Even if they don't give you the exact location, the questions are in order, so it's rarely difficult to find information in the passage. ACT reading questions, on the other hand, are randomlyordered and frequently don't give line numbers, so finding specific details in the passage is one of the trickiest parts. If you struggle with retaining or finding details, you will probably prefer the SAT. #4: Struggle With Geometry ACT math has over three times as many geometry questions as the math section on the redesigned SAT. Plus, for the ACT, you need to memorize all the formulas, while on the SAT you're given them at the beginning of the section. If you have a very hard time with geometry, consider taking the SAT. #5: Want to Encounter as Little Science as Possible The ACT has a science section; the SAT does not. If you dislike science or struggle with quantitative thinking, you will probably prefer the SAT. The redesigned SAT does include science questions in each of its threesections, so there's no way to escape science entirely. Nonetheless, struggling withscience will have less of an effect on your score onthe SAT than it willon the ACT. #6: Excel at Writing Analytical Essays in English Class The SAT essayasks you to read and analyze a persuasive essay, much like you might for aclass assignment. If you like English class, you'll almost certainly prefer the SAT essay to the ACT one. That being said, neither essay affects your overall score, so a preference for one or the othershouldn't play a major role in your decision between the two tests. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Next up: the six reasons you might prefer the ACT. Remember you'll have to study forwhichever test you choose. (Image: m00by/Flickr) Take the ACT If You... #1:Struggle With Vocabulary Although it no longer has sentence completion questions, the redesigned SATstill tests more challenging vocabulary on both the reading and writing sections. It also has harder passages on the reading section and more vocab questions overall. The ACT is the better test if you want to avoid higher-level words like "satiated" and "apprehensive" and older passages with challenging language. #2: Can't Always Explain How You Know an Answer Is Correct One of the big changes to the SAT is the addition of evidence questions on the reading section. These questions ask you to point to the part of the passage that supports your answer to another question- #14 is an example: Evidencequestions aren't as novel as they might seem at first, since, in theory, you should always be able to point to the support for your answer in the passage. But if this is a skill you really struggle with, consider taking the ACT instead. #3:Are Intimidated by Doing Math Without a Calculator The SAT has a no-calculator section, so if the idea of doing math without a calculator has you completely freaked out, you may want to stick to the ACT. However, the no-calculator section really doesn't require any complicated calculations. In fact,all of the math questions on both testscanbe done without a calculator, though some are rather challenging. The question is really whether you feel comfortable doing some basic calculations by hand. If not, the SAT will be a challenge for you. #4: Prefer That Different Topics Be Tested in Different Sections One of the goals of the SAT redesign is to integrateimportant skills across all three sections, so there's more overlap between the different sections than on the ACT. One key example of this new policy is the presence of quantitative questions in the reading and writing sections of the SAT. If you'd prefer to avoid this kind of concept mixing, stick with the ACT. #5: Have a Solid Grasp of Experimental Design If you like science, and especially if you have a good understanding of how experiments are built and know the difference between independent and dependentvariables, consider taking the ACT. The ACT asks a lot ofquestionsabout experimental design whilethe SAT new science questions are solely focused on reading charts and graphs. A strong grasp of these concepts will give you a considerable leg up on the ACT. #6: Like to Give Your Opinion The ACT essay is all about arguing for your own point (unlike the SAT essay, which is about analyzing someone else's argument). If you enjoystating your opinion and marshaling examples to back it up, then you will probably prefer the ACT essay. Remember, however, that you may not need to take the essay at all and that, even if you do, it doesn't affect your overall score. You can choose your own adventure in studying. (Image: Nathan Penglington, photo byColin Ross/Flickr) Quiz: Should You Take the ACT or the SAT? In case you're still on the fence about which test you want to focus on, I've created a handy quiz. It sums up all of the ideas above (except those relating to the optional essays) in one easy-to-use chart. To use it, just go through and check"yes" or "no" for each question. Then tally up your answers and give yourself one point for each "yes." Scroll down for an explanation of what your score means. Question Yes No Do you perform well under time pressure? Are you okay with not answering every question on a test? Do you struggle to explain why you think an answer is correct? Do you have a hard timewith high level vocab words? Can you spot details ina passage without reading it closely? Do you dread doing math without a calculator? Do you excel at geometry? Do you prefer each topic be tested separately? Do you understand experimental design? Do you like science? Let's go through what your score means: 1-3: You're an SAT person! If you answered "no" to most of the questions, you'll probably find the SAT more your style. You don't mind slightly harder questions as long asyou don't have to rush and don't have to cover too much material. 4-7: You can do either! If you answered "no" and "yes" roughly the same amount, you will probably find the tests equally approachable. If you're willing to put in the time, try taking one practice test for each and see if you have a strong preference. 8-10: You'll likethe ACT! If you answered mostly "yes," then you're more of an ACT person. You don't mind moving quickly, memorizing material, or answering questions about science. What's Next? For more info on the differences between the two tests, check out our full breakdown or these comparison charts. Wondering how well you'd score on the SAT or ACT?Take a practice test to find out! Check out our links to free and official ACT and SAT practice tests and get started. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The History of Facebook and How It Was Invented

The History of Facebook and How It Was Invented Mark Zuckerberg  was a  Harvard computer science student  when he, along with classmates Eduardo Saverin,  Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes  invented Facebook.  Amazingly, the idea for the website, now the worlds most popular social networking page, was inspired by a botched  effort to get internet users to rate each others photos.   Hot or Not?: The Origin of Facebook In 2003,  Zuckerberg, a second-year student at Harvard at the time,  wrote the software for a website called  Facemash. He put his computer science skills to questionable use by hacking into Harvards security network, where he copied the student ID images used by the dormitories and used them to populate his new website. Website visitors could use the site to compare two student photos side-by-side and decide who was hot and who was not.   Facemash opened on October 28, 2003, and closed a few days later, after it was shut down by Harvard execs. In the aftermath, Zuckerberg faced serious charges of breach of security, violating copyrights and violating individual privacy. Though he faced expulsion from Harvard University for his actions, all charges were eventually dropped. TheFacebook: An App for Harvard Students On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched a new website called TheFacebook. He  named the site after  the directories that were handed out to university students to aid them in getting to know one another better. Six days later, he again got into trouble when Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra accused him of stealing their ideas for an intended social network website called HarvardConnection. The claimants later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, but the matter was eventually settled out of court. Membership to the website was at first restricted to Harvard  students. Over time, Zuckerberg enlisted a few of his fellow students to help grow the website. Eduardo Saverin, for example, worked on the business end while Dustin Moskovitz was brought on as a programmer. Andrew McCollum served as the sites graphic artist and Chris Hughes became the de facto spokesperson. Together the team expanded the site to additional universities and colleges. Facebook: The World's Most Popular Social Network In 2004, Napster founder and  angel investor  Sean Parker became the companys president. The company changed the sites name from TheFacebook to just Facebook after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000. The following year, venture capital firm Accel Partners  invested $12.7 million in the company, which enabled the creation of a version of the network for high school students. Facebook would later expand to other networks such as employees of companies. In  September of  2006, Facebook announced that anyone who was at  least 13 years old and had a valid email address could join.  By 2009, it had become the worlds  most used social networking service, according to a report by the analytics site Compete.com. While Zuckerbergs antics and the sites profits eventually led to him becoming  the worlds youngest multi-billionaire, hes done his part to spread the wealth around. Hes donated $100 million dollars to the Newark, New Jersey public school system, which has long been underfunded. In 2010, he signed a pledge, along with other wealthy businessmen, to donate at least half of his wealth to charity.  Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, have  donated $25 million toward fighting the Ebola virus and announced that they would  contribute 99% of their Facebook shares to the  Chan Zuckerberg Initiative  to improve lives through education, health, scientific research, and energy.

Delta Force- Organizational behavior Movie Review

Delta Force- Organizational behavior - Movie Review Example Overall, however, Delta Force does not operate as a team; individual members or groups are often doing different, unrelated things from each other and not all pulling in the same direction the way a team would. When on missions, however, small components of Delta Force operate as a team ranging in size from two people to more than a dozen. In these circumstances, they function as a team, planning missions together, relying on each other to accomplished individual goals to support the overall mission and so on. Delta Force’s composition is the cornerstone for most of what the group accomplishes. It is formed of an elite cadre of experience, intelligent people recruited from all across the armed services (Arsdale). This composition leads to its other qualities: everyone selected for Delta Force has leadership qualities and can fill leadership roles, facilitating a bottom-up approach to leadership. Furthermore, everyone’s knowledge of the composition of Delta Force helps c reate trust; anyone going on a mission with another member of Delta Force knows they are elite simply because of their belonging to the group, making it easier to trust them in extreme situations. Furthermore, the groups small size allows personal relationships to flourish, increasing trust. Works Cited Arsdale, L. V. Delta Force [video file].

Jesus and Gospels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jesus and Gospels - Essay Example 2. Jesus used parables to teach his disciples and anyone who wanted to listen because it was the easiest form to talk about theological aspects. The Jews were simple people and enjoyed listening to stories. The parables that Jesus used were supposed to show that He could connect with the world and understood its problems. Many of the parables that Jesus used were culturally relevant for the Jews at that time and so they had a better time understanding them. 3. Before Jesus was born, many Jews wanted the Messiah to come as a military strongman and free them from the Romans, who controlled Israel at that time. Many Jews despised the Romans because they were required to pay taxes to the Caesar. The Jews worshipped at Synagogues on every Saturday. It was here that Jesus first was able to speak to Jews about the reasons why he had come and what he needed to do. The Jewish people were crying out for a savior because the economy was not favorable for Jews and it was dominated by Roman rule. 4. For the immediate years after the death and resurrection of Jesus, His story was passed down through oral tradition. Mark was the first book to be written, around 60 to 70 AD, while Matthew and Luke were written partly based of this book twenty to thirty years later. All of these books were written in Greek. The book of John was written in the late first century and took Lukes Gospel as inspiration. The reason why the first three are called the Synoptic Gospels is because they have much of the same information but told from a different point of view. Unlike John, the Synoptic Gospels include stories from first-hand witnesses. 5. Jesus concept of the Kingdom of God was that it was open to anyone who chose to receive Him. Jesus used many parables to portray the Kingdom of God, including one that said how hard it would be to enter the Kingdom. Although Jesus encouraged good works, He proclaimed that no one could come to the

Quotes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quotes - Essay Example However, there is still a life which goes on behind bars and a continuation of life which should be supported. While a prisoner is certainly placed under boundaries of law, s/he does not stop being a human being and it must be noted that s/he has the same right to be treated humanely and with as much importance as those who are not with him/her in prison. The treatments and the rights are controlled by those who are supposed to manage prisons and things such as college degree earning program for prisoners can improve conditions for many prisoners. Instead of simply waiting for their time in prison to pass, they can be educated and taught to enhance their abilities and as a ‘captive’ audience, they would be receptive to the education which is given to them. Simply put, with the program, the prison system can put out educated college graduates while without the program the prison system is only putting out ex-convicts. All true stories become unbelievable as soon as we are told that they are true story or the events which are told to us are based on a true story. While we accept them as the truth, the element of disbelief and wonder is not taken away and we have to keep reminding ourselves that the story itself is true. We can certainly find examples of such stories in the media and even in anecdotes that we tell each other. For example, a baby that survives a burning building, a child who is able to beat grandmasters at chess, a person fighting against unbelievable odds, social stigma as well as other barriers that have been placed in his/her part and becoming successful in their endeavors. Most recently, we saw true events unfold in front of us as jetliners were used by terrorist as weapons against America. However, I feel that the most unbelievable true stories are the ones which take place everyday around us but are simply not reported. For example, a young high school student that does not take

The historical and institutional factors Essay Example for Free

The historical and institutional factors Essay The historical and institutional factors that contributed to the differences between the current German party system and the one that existed under the Weimar Republic One of the first major ways in which the current German party differs from that of the Weimar republic concerns the way in which democracy was formed. Whilst the current system was created through a constitution that received the respect and support of all the political parties concerned, the Weimar Republic was formed as a direct result of Germany’s defeat during the second world war. Although the Weimar Republic attempted to create a democratic Germany the economic downturn caused by the repercussions of the First World War entailed that it was difficult for political developments to take hold. The Germany politicians were forced to accept of the Versailles Treaty in 1911 and the inclusion of the ‘War Guilt Clause’ led to compulsory reparations to be paid to the alies. The agreement to this treaty caused a major split between the political parties and the extreme right were able to utiilise this to create an unstable political system. A further difference between the two political entities can be observed in the economic backdrop to their position. Not only did the Versaille Treaty have a crippling effect on the German economy, they were heavily dependent on foreign investment, loans and economic prosperity from the United States. In this vulnerable position the Weimar Republic’s existence was reliant on outside investment, which came crashing to a halt during the Wall Street crash of 1929. Post Wall Street Germany was a country that suffered from mass unemployment, homelessness and hunger and was crippled economically and, by 1933, the economy stood on the brink of collapse, with an economy which should, realistically, have long since declared itself bankrupt (Frei 163). The current German party however, is operational in very different circumstances. Their economy is one of the most advanced market economies and they are largely export led (World Bank, 2007). The people of Germany have a faith in their political system that wasn’t in evidence during the time of the Weimar. Another difference between the two political entities concerns the attitudes and beliefs of the people they governed. During the times of the Weimar, the far right was extremely prominent and had great power through the support they received from the wealthy constitutents (Childers 46). Through such power they were able to instugate violences and coups. Today people more readily accept regime and acknowledge its legitimacy. Extreme right wing politics have been legislated against and radical right wing parties are banned from power. It wasn’t just economic conditions which caused the Weimar Republic to be weak. The Republic also suffered from structural weaknesses. One example of this concerned Article 48 of the constitution which conferred dictatorial powers upon the President during an emergency and did not require collaboration and agreement with the Reichstag ministers. Furthermore, the constitution installed a system of proportional representation which resulted in the multiplication of small splinter parties.This meant that a stable minority in the Reichstag was impossible and there were frequent changes in government. Works Cited: Childers, Thomas. The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919-1933, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983 Total GDP 2007 World Bank. Retrieved on September 17, 2008 from http://siteresources. worldbank. org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP. pdf Frei, Norbert. National Socialist Rule in Germany. Translated by Joel Golb . New York Columbia University Press , 2002

Prison: Impact And Effects

Prison: Impact And Effects Jump to:  Theories of New Punitiveness | The Effect of Prison on the Family | The Effect of Prison on the Community  |  Conclusion Currently, the impact and effects of imprisonment, which is a means of social control, are increasingly becoming various and noticeable. This essay will first focus on the concept and the different models of social control. Then social functions, official aims of imprisonment and an example of a prison population crisis will be respectively examined in relation to sociological theories, new punitiveness and political economy, which are three main influences on imprisonment. Finally, the negative impact of imprisonment on both families and communities will be shown. Imprisonment as a concept of social control has a long history. In nineteenth century, social control paid more attention to both connecting sociology to political philosophy and settling the controversial discussions of macro-sociology (Janowitz, 1975, cited in Cohen and Scull, 1983). Social control, at that time, solved a great number of complicated issues, but the purely coercive controls were not widely used (Cohen and Scull, 1983). During the twentieth century, the social control, even sociology was to be a point of view and method for investigating the processes by which individuals are inducted to and induced to co-operate in some sort of permanent corporate existence we call society (Park and Burgess, 1924, cited in Cohen and Scull, 1983, p5). Indeed, the alteration of the process that inducted the individual into society had great benefits on social control. Additionally, at present, the concept of social control is basically defined as: any structure, process, relationship, or act that contributes to the social order (Liska, A.E, 1992, p3). Currently, there are three regulatory models of social control. The first model is custodial institution, which is established on the theories of social order and punishment and the police and prisons are the representative organizations of this model. In addition, community care, such as welfare agencies and halfway house, are also important methods of social control. In particularly, the custodial institution and community care create formal methods because of the rules, law and rehabilitation, they base on. The third model, which is informal, is called self and mutual help, such as social pressure and peer group. Less formal face to face controls are considered in this model (David and Stasz, 1990). Overall, social control uses the ways of punishment, prevention and rehabilitation in order to solve deviant, threatening and disorder behaviours. In particular, imprisonment is one of the highly used means of social control in form of punishment. There are three factors that strongly influence the development of imprisonment. Firstly, some theories of punishment as control have emerged. In Gramscis theory, the most important things for capitalist society in the revolutionary struggle are the superstructure of ideology, law and politics. Hegemony, which means that one class is convinced to accept other classes moral, political and cultural values, is his central idea. Additionally, Althusser improved the work of Gramsi. He introduced a penal system in the Repressive State Apparatus (RSA), which includes the police, the courts and the prison. However, he claimed that the functions of RSA are not only to coerce, but there are also ideological functions, such as to reproduce personal values. Distinguished from RSA, Althusser established Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA). He put some overlooked parts of the state in this mechanis m, such as educational system, the media and political parties (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). What is more, Foucalt, who created the phrase carceral archipelago to show western liberal democracies closely in touch with forms of oppression, argued in Discipline and Punish (1977) that: the emergence of the prison does not make a more humanitarian form of punishment, instead it represents an attempt to punish more efficiently and extensively to create a disciplined society (cited in Carrabine et al, 2009, p362). Furthermore, the English historian E.P.Thompson indicated that law, as well as penalty, can be found at every bloody level. However, if the law is unjust, the classs hegemony will benefit nothing from that. (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). Those sociological theories, particularly Foucaults great confinement that: institution of various kinds came to be adopted as the solution to a wide range of social problems (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007, p194), shows that imprisonment has its social functions. Mathiesen, a Norwegian penologist, suggests that there are five social functions which demonstrate that imprisonment is still the dominant way of punishment. He calls the first function the expurgatory function. Many of people in prisons are homeless, abused and suffering from mental illness as Cavadino and Dignan (2007) researched and therefore regarded as unproductive and disruptive. They are routinely being put into prisons so as to prevent society from various damages. The second function is called the power-draining function. Apart from preventing prisoners from being involved in the normal society, the prisoners are also: denied the opportunity to exercise responsibility (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007, p195). Minimal practical contributions is the function that is considered when the prisons were designed. Thirdly, prisoners easily isolate themselves from society, because of the shame of having been imprisoned. This is called, by Mathiesen, symbolic function. It shows the effect that those prisoners are a smaller risk to society after being released. The fourth function, related to the third one, is called the diverting function. Mathiesen (cited in Cavadino and Dignan, 2007, p195) claims in his book that: socially dangerous acts are increasingly being committed by individuals and classes with power in society. However, the fact is that the heavy-handed of prisons are highly used to the lower working class offenders. Hereby social attention is diverted from more serious social harm committed by the groups in power. For instance, acts of pollution and eco-systems destruction. Finally, Mathiesen identifies the fifth social function as the action function. Because it is the most serious means of social cont rol, prisons play a vital role in reducing the publics fear of crime. However, Cavadino and Dignan (2007, p196) argue that the imprisonment functions that Mathiesen suggests are not that efficient: there is also a heavy price to be paid, not only in terms of resources and human suffering, but also in managing the increasing tensions that are associated with the steady enduring penal crisis. Theories of New Punitiveness Secondly, in recent decades, new punitiveness, which means a general rise in the severity of punishment, has become a notable penal trend around the world. Essentially, the aim of new punitiveness is to make offenders suffer. At present, the imprisonment rate, which is a measure of harshness of punishment, has increased in nearly three fourths of countries all over the world. Undoubtedly, the United States has led this new trend, because the prison population and imprisonment rates in this country are the highest in the world and where numbers of prisoners have quintupled since the early 1970s (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007, P84). Meanwhile, this punitiveness is connected with populist punitiveness whose policies and slogans, for instance, zero tolerance, three strikes and prison works are a far-reaching influence on policy-making, particularly penal policies. Definitely, it represents this penal trend: new punitiveness. (Garland, 2007) New punitiveness is connected with the official aims of using imprisonment that results in increasing use of prisons. Deterrence and retribution to offenders were the primary aims of imprisonment in the nineteenth century. However, during this period, the prisoners were still possible to return back to society and those ideas were treated as official policy. Additionally, although in the 1970s, the rehabilitation ideal collapsed, rehabilitation was reintroduced and became an important aim in penal practices in the late 1990s, especially in the UK Criminal Justice System. The current aims of rehabilitation are not only reforming prisoners characters, but more importantly to prevent them from reoffending (HCHAC, 2004). At present, the UK Prison Service states as its official aims: to reduce the risk of reoffending, hold prisoners securely and provide safety (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). However, practically, all of the three aims are lamentable. Considering the first aim, Shepherd and W hitings (2006) figures indicate that imprisonment is unsuccessful in preventing reoffending: two-thirds of all prisoners are reconvicted within two years of being released, and for young men aged 18-20, the figure is 74.8% (cited in Cavadino and Dignan, 2007, p193). Reoffending is worse than a decade ago, when according to the Home Office just 70% of offenders under 21 were reconvicted for a crime (Home Office, 1999). Secondly, to hold prisoners securely, does not only mean to prevent their safety, but also to keep them from escaping. Although, currently, the Prison Service and governments are paying more attention to lessen the rates of absconding, the escapes from prisons have become periodic (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). Therefore, it is hard for the Prison Service to achieve the third aim that is to provide safety. Prisoners escapes will increase anxiety and fear within general public. Cavadino and Dignan (2007, p193) claim that: there is   a very long way to go before it can claim to be providing safe, well-ordered establishments in which prisoners are treated humanly, decently and lawfully. Thirdly, the political economy, particularly the welfare system, plays a vital role in causing different imprisonment rates among various countries and it can revealingly explain the reason of the rise of new punishment. There are three key categories. Firstly, at present, Neo-liberalism, which means free-market capitalism, exists in the US, Britain and Australia. The welfare state, under this ethos that individualism is more important than communitarianism, is minimalist. Cavadino and Dignan (2007, P86) argues that: the economic system creates much material inequality, which results in the social exclusion of many people and communities. Secondly, the welfare benefits in conservative corporatist countries whose collectivism is more important, such as Germany, are more generous than Neo-liberal countries. The citizens in those countries get better protection against unusual market forces and products. However, it is still not equality and it is shown in Cavadino and Dignans (2007, P8 6) book: their welfare states enshrine and perpetuate traditional class, status and economic division between different groups of citizens who are entitled to different levels of welfare benefits. Thirdly, the more equal and generous welfare states are social democratic countries, such as Sweden. Although they share conservative corporatisms communitarian approach, their systems are the most egalitarian ones among those three kinds of countries. Walnsleys (2005) research on imprisonment rates which shows that the rates in all neo-liberal countries are the highest, while the lowest rates are in social democratic countries, definitely confirms this theory. Undoubtedly, the United States is a typical example which shows the rise of the new punitiveness as a neo-liberal country. The quote: overcrowded conditions in our prisons have become a national crisis (cited in Matthews and Francis, 1996, p22) informs that this crisis has extended to almost all federals states and locals communities. Maguire and Pastore (1994) suggested that during 1968 to 1978, the prisoners in federal state prisons increased by over 1000000, from 187914 to 294396. Although many concerns have been took to the crisis, between 1980 to 1990, the number of state and federal inmates had more than doubled to over 7000000, and in 1994 this population surpassed the one million mark (Office of Criminal Justice Service, 1995, p72). There are three factors that contribute to the dramatic increase in prisoner population. Firstly, the increase of inmate population reflects the high rates of crimes (Lynch, 1995). However, in return, the crime rates are not equal to the increment in prison population. According to FBI data the crime rates did not increase sharply in the last few decades. Blumstein (1995, cited in Matthews and Francis, 1996, p30) concluded that: it is very unlikely that the growth in prison population was a consequence of a growing crime rate. Secondly, the US has a long-drawn campaign to get tough with crime. Whatever the elected official is, the politics, from mandatory minimum prison sentences, to restrictions on parole release, to three strikes and you are out law, are aimed at putting more offenders in prison and for a lengthier stay (Skolnick, 1994, cited in Matthews and Francis, 1996, p30). Thirdly, in the 1980s, the war on drugs, which aimed to punish drug offences by using criminal law, contributed to the increase of prison populations. Only 10% of the prison populations were occupied by drug offenders, while this figure had doubled in 1989. Blumstein (1995) conducted a study, which pointed out that: 44% of this increase in prison p opulations between 1986 and 1991 could be attributed to the boom in the number of offenders imprisoned for drug offences (cited in Matthews and Francis, 1996, p31). Furthermore, there are some other solutions that the US has implemented. For instance, creating capacity, which means to build more prisons to house all prisoners; and intermediate punishment, which aims to get tough in the community as a punishment. However, Matthews and Francis (1996) argued the barriers as follows: theories of reducing the crowding crisis remain mainly academic exercises with little prospect of substantively affecting the extent of the crisis, ideas on reducing prison crowding are judged too dangerous because their endorsement would expose elected officials to charges of being soft on crime. (p31-32)   The Effect of Prison on the Family Obviously, imprisonment has lots of bad effects on families. Firstly, those families, whose member is in prison, will lose respect in the community. Clear (2009, p128) cites an experience of a participant in his book: neighborhood residents not only look at the specific offender but also the entire family, and if one has offended, all of a sudden they are not the most respected, even from the church. Secondly, parental imprisonment results in financial problems, especially if the man of the family is in prison. Those families lose a productive member, thus they lose income, because the partners imprisonment will probably influence the employment of the woman, and the ability of a male support the family is higher than the females (Clear, 2009). Thirdly, the most significant influence is on children. Actually, the effects of imprisonment on children start at the arrest of their parent. They are shocked, fearful and confused when witnessing their parents being arrested. As Van Nijantte n (1998) points out: the way the father was removed in handcuffs or with a bag over his head, are sensations the child will never forget (p82). Parental imprisonment has a psychological influence on children. A majority of researches have found that children, whose parents are in prison, are more likely to show the depression, hyperactivity, clinging behaviour, sleep problems, truancy and poor school grades. (Murray, 2005). While, other studies revealed that those children have a higher risk of showing bad behaviour or experience imprisonment (Johnston, 1995). Farrington et al (1996, cited in Codd, 2008. p73) also support this idea that: children who are brought up by parents, who are offenders, particularly if they are imprisonment, have been argued to be more likely to go on to offend. However, parental imprisonment still has benefits for some children. Eddy and Reid (2003), suggest that the quality of positive parenting will rise, because their parents may take more time out on t he street and send them to a caregiver or local care organisations, which will results in less significant problems for those children. The Effect of Prison on the Community Similarly, imprisonment has several effects on the communities. First of all, stigma sometimes will transfer from families to communities. Although some residents say that they do not mind and even celebrate it when the prisoners come back to the community, the stigma, especially if more serious crimes are committed in the community, will inevitably influence the whole community. For example, residents may be reluctant to be out on the street at night in their areas or to take part in activities (Clear, 2009). Secondly, the economic situation of the community is seriously affected by the imprisonment, because of the stigma. There is a fact that residents are concerned more about living surroundings. If there are a number of people with criminal records in the community it can lead to lower property values. Meanwhile, the businesses in such places noted that fewer customers enter their premises. Clear (2009) discusses those two ideas: the areas bad reputation means that large corporat ions do not locate their business in these neighbourhood; and housing prices are diminished because, when residents flee, they sell their houses for whatever they can get, often at a reduced price. This reflects the value of the community (p135). Thirdly, prisoners are always full of hope when returning back to their community. However, they soon feel low self-worth and self-esteem, because the communities stigmatise them. Consequently, they will do nothing to contribute to the communities and feel thats just the way I am, which may very likely lead them to reoffend. As a participants responses in Clears research show (2009, p138): if you treat me more like a human being, I will act more like human being, if you treat me more like an animal, Im going to act more like an animal. Last but not least, even if residents show a welcome to prisoners, those people from prisons actually increase the fear of crime in communities. Another participant in the same study says he is worried about his son when he is working, because of having a former prisoner as a next door neighbour. Other residents express the same fears. They are cited in Clears (2009, p142) book: one resident said that if someone with a criminal records moved in next door to her home, she might do a background check. Another said he was going to watch him'. Overall, those accumulated impacts on the community can be fierce. Conclusion In conclusion, imprisonment plays a vital role as a means of social control. Although in some countries, such as the US, the overcrowded prisons have become a pressing problem that needs to be addressed urgently, because of its valuable social functions and coincidence with official aims, imprisonment is widely used around the world. However, the negative effects on families, especially on children who are economically and mentally greatly affected and suffer when their parents are imprisoned; and communities whose economies and social anxiousness are seriously influenced, should not be neglected. It may negate the development of imprisonment

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair. Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair.