Lev semenovich vygotsky, two types of psychological development

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky was a developmental Psychologist. He lived a short life during turbulent, radical times. Lev Vygotsky was born on the 17th November 1896 in Orsha, a metropolis in the Western part of the Russian Empire in a Judaic household. He died 37 old ages subsequently from TB in Stalinist, Russia. Vygotsky was a Lawyer based on his University instruction and a school instructor by business. Although his involvements were rather diverse his Hagiographas frequently centred on subjects of kid development and instruction. Some of the major theories developed by Lev Vygotsky include ; Socio-cultural Theory – Vygotsky proposed there were two types of psychological development ; â€Å" natural † consisting of biological growing, physical and cognitive development ; and â€Å" cultural † , dwelling of larning to utilize psychological and cultural tools, including marks, symbols and linguistic communication. Vygotsky believed that a kid ‘s development is a consequence of his/her civilization. He thought that development applied ab initio to the psychological procedure, for illustration, linguistic communication accomplishments, the manner of thought and other mental maps. Vygotsky believed the above is accomplishable through interacting socially with others, the parents being of peculiar influence to the kid along-side knowing others. Interaction with others enables a kid to larn the life style of his/her civilization. These wonts being things such as address forms, the written linguistic communication and other constructed cognition. Both n atural and cultural operation act jointly to simplify the development procedure. Vygotskys socio-cultural theory suggests that societal interaction leads to uninterrupted bit-by-bit alterations in a kid ‘s idea and behavior that can change greatly from civilization to civilization ( Woolfolk, 1998 ) . Basically, Vygotskys theory implies that development depends on a kid ‘s interaction with others and the tools that civilization provides to assist them organize their ain position of the universe. His theory combines the societal environment and knowledge. Children will get the ways of thought and behaving by interacting with a more knowing other. Vygotsky believed that every map in the kid ‘s cultural development appears twice, foremost on the societal degree and subsequently, on the single degree, foremost between people ( inter-psychological ) and so inside the kid ( intra-psychological ) Vygotsky, 1978. The socio-cultural theory consists of several elements to as sist implement it ( see below left ) . Language and the thoughts that are expressed by agencies of linguistic communication play a cardinal function in mental development.image Zone of Proximal development – Harmonizing to Vygotsky kids learn by following the beliefs, values, and attitudes of others, either consciously or unconsciously as a consequence of interacting with them. Vygotsky argues that the Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) is the difference between a kid ‘s bing abilities and what s/he can larn under counsel from a knowing other. Therefore the Proximal Zone is the difference between what kids are already able to make and what they are non rather ready to carry through by themselves. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, a knowing other must assist direct and organize a kid ‘s acquisition before the kid can understand and follow it. In order for the ZPD to be a success, it must incorporate two characteristics, the first of which is called subjectiveness. This term implies that the knowing other must hold a common apprehension of what they are making with the kid, in-other-words both parties must hold a shared end. The kid uses the exper tness of the knowing other ( adept ) in the acquisition procedure. To get down the expert takes duty, so as the kid ( novice ) learns, the expert transportations rational duty to the novitiate. This is non immediate but a gradual procedure for illustration, when an expert teaches a kid how to swim, the expert first supports the kid in the H2O and so Lashkar-e-Taibas go bit by bit, there-by switching duty to the kid. The ZPD uses two degrees to find a kid ‘s ability and potency. A kid ‘s â€Å" existent development degree † is what s/he can accomplish unaided without aid. This sets the footing for a kid ‘s cognition and is what is traditionally assessed and valued in schools. The â€Å" possible development degree † is the degree of proficiency a kid can make when s/he is guided and supported by another individual. Social interaction helps a kid to retrieve and may even keep the cardinal to memory development. The construct of a important other steerin g a kid through the ZPD is known as guided engagement /scaffolding.Graph: Zone of proximal development: Vygotsky Guided Participation/Scaffolding – Harmonizing to Vygotsky staging is the procedure used by a knowing other to teach or steer a kid through hard jobs, in order to cultivate hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tascwheel.com/files/research/article-01/figure3.jpg her/his potency. Scaffolding makes it easy for a kid to construct on the cognition they already have and helps them follow new thoughts and attitudes. Any direction given by the knowing other must be directed towards the hereafter and non the yesteryear. Guidance can be given in legion different ways, by a knowing other, by cultural experiences or objects or by a kid ‘s old acquisition. Vygotsky assumed that a kid ‘s development is a consequence of his/her civilization. He thought that development applied chiefly to the psychological procedure, for illustration, usage of linguistic communication accomplishments, the logical thinking procedure and other mental maps. Vygotsky thought that the above is achieved through interacting with others, parents being peculiarly influential to the kid ‘s development along-side knowing others. Interaction with others enables a kid to larn the manner of life of his/her civilization, that is to state address forms, the written lingu istic communication and other constructed cognition. Vygotsky believed that societal interaction helps kids to retrieve and may even keep the cardinal to memory building. As illustrated in the image above, the scaffolding rule plants on the footing that the knowing other asks the kid unfastened ended, near ended inquiries and gives bit-by-bit instructions ever structuring the acquisition procedure. Encouragement and congratulations are offered at every chance, while each point is reinforced through presentation, repeat and the usage of psychological tools. This procedure helps the kid construct on their cognition. Psychological tools can be in the signifier of â€Å" symbolic objects † such as, marks, relevant texts, expression, graphs, important devices and today it besides includes electronic signifiers of information entree ( computers/internet ) .Internalization and LanguageAnother of import part made by Vygotsky connects the development of relationships between linguisti c communication and idea. This construct is farther explained in his book Thought and Language. It looks at the connexion between address ( soundless inner address and unwritten linguistic communication look ) and the development of mental perceptual experience and consciousness of one ‘s thought procedure. Vygotsky argues that it is through the above that a kid ‘s ideas and mental concepts are formed. Language development is formed in the undermentioned four phases ; Crude Stage – At this phase a kid has n't mastered the art of address s/he merely babblings. The sounds that s/he makes do n't hold any existent significance or intent. The kid is merely experimenting with their new found accomplishment. This action does non intend that a kid does non believe it merely suggests that s/he has non learned to internalize her/his address. Naive Stage – When a kid foremost learns to talk s/he may state certain words before s/he has a comprehensive apprehension of their significance and map. A kid merely understands that when a word is said in a certain manner others understand the significance. In other words understanding of a word comes before the kid really learns the full significance and intent of that word and is able to set it in any peculiar order. External Stage – In this phase the kid begins to utilize peripheral objects such as, flash cards, or fingers for numbering. This is besides the beginning of the egoistic address. The kid will speak to herself during drama with others or when there is no 1 else about. This action is the kid ‘s verbalization of ideas. In-growth Stage – In this phase the kid ‘s egoistic address turns inwards. S/he enters the concluding phase of linguistic communication development and with these new found abilities the kid is able to execute logical undertakings internally. Rather than numbering aloud s/he will number in her/his caput utilizing portion of her/his short term memory. Vygotsky believed that the more a kid uses internalised idea and logic, the better a kid can execute.Major Contributions to EducationVygotsky has made many of import parts to the instruction system and instruction, he has become to some extent a powerful figure in instruction, school psychological science and particular instruction, respected all over the universe. Many instructors and parents even before Vygotskys clip noticed an obvious connexion between support from a knowing other and the advancement a kid is able to do utilizing that support. Vygotskys ZPD helped determine options to standardized testing in schools. Vyg otsky founded what is known as â€Å" dynamic appraisal † . Dynamic assessment accent potency instead than present accomplishment and measures the acquisition procedure straight. Traditional trials merely measure the kid ‘s current abilities based on past acquisition and non the kid ‘s possible. Harmonizing to Vygotsky dynamic appraisal leads a kid to accomplish success through joint shared activity ( Lidz, 1995 ) . The ZPD has direct bearing on readying in school instruction, it enables a instructor to take methods bespoke for peculiar pupils. Vygotsky believed that the schoolroom is a society consisting of a community of scholars with assorted ability, expert/novice working together. He viewed the instructor as an teacher, steering and interacting with pupils. Through the procedure of scaffolding the instructor is able to supply support to the pupils. Through the effectual usage of linguistic communication in the staging procedure the instructor is able to negoc iate with the kid. Vygotskys theory encourages coaction in the schoolroom. The instructor has to supply sufficient support until the pupil is able to travel through all set undertakings independently.Vygotskys 4 Principles Applied in ClassroomsHypertext transfer protocol: //viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebooklet/et-it/4vygo.htm Learning and development is a societal collaborative activity – This suggests that interaction between grownups and other kids is critical. The usage of engineering to heighten communicating, contact and interaction would be good in the schoolroom. Programmes that support combined job resolution and synergistic determination doing enrich the acquisition environment. The ZPD can function as a usher for curricular and lesson be aftering – Appropriate support by the instructor can help the acquisition procedure. Thoughtful counsel and productive treatment with the debut of psychological tools such as, encyclopaedias on CD-ROM, package such as, grammar draughtss and encephalon storming package would all assist the kid develop understanding and cognition. School acquisition should happen in a meaningful context – We learn things in relation to what else we already know and believe. Learning is an active societal procedure. It is non possible to absorb new cognition without some kind of old cognition to construct upon. The more we know the more we learn. Therefore a instructor must link what is to be learned with the pupil ‘s old cognition. Relate out-of-school experience to the kid ‘s school experience – The linguistic communication we use influences larning. It is of import for a instructor to organize school larning around the civilization the kid knows and understands for illustration, a category of pupils analyzing history could utilize a multimedia presentation to bring forth a undertaking about the history of their town. Vygotsky has made valuable parts in determining learning methods within particular instruction. He insisted that instructors should make a acquisition environment which would provide handicapped pupils with alternate agencies of communicating and development and those psychological tools should be used by instructors that are most suitable to counterbalance for a pupil ‘s peculiar disablement. He argued that a kid ‘s societal eviction is the chief factor responsible for its flawed development. Vygotsky states that although sightlessness may be a biological defect, a instructor must non cover with the biological factor entirely but besides look at the societal effects faced by the kid as a consequence of its sightlessness. He promoted the thought that handicapped kids should be included in the social/cultural life of their communities as this would rush effectual rehabilitation.Some Restrictions to Vygotskys TheoryVygotsky stresses the importance of civilization and lingui stic communication in understanding. However there is limited research that determines whether grownup, kid and equal coactions differ in their value ( Miller 2002 ) . There is besides the inquiry on how much aid the knowing other should give the kid and whether excessively much coaction could take to regression instead than assist a pupil evolve ( Miller 2002 ) . Vygotskys theory is frequently compared to Jean Piaget, who believed that cognitive competency should non be looked at until a kid reached the appropriate development phase. Piaget believed that the most of import beginning of cogitation is the kid itself. It is frequently said that Vygotsky was in front of his times. His theory was formed over 50 old ages ago and his had such a profound consequence on our instruction system. Even today, instruction psychologists are still researching his theory, which could go an of import instrument to alter, regenerate our present instruction system.

Velázquez’s Las Meninas

The work of art of Diego Velasquez de Silva entitled Las Meninas is claimed to be the â€Å"Theology of painting† by art critic Luca Giordano. Other art critic such as Palomino states that Las Meninas was â€Å"truth, not painting† and Tà ©ophile Gautier says that â€Å"wondered where the picture was†. Las Meninas interpretations were made even for other fields such as mathematics, moral politics, politics and astrology. Many questions had also risen from the painting that were given with other long names before it was finally called Las Meninas derived from the Portuguese word for Maids of Honour of the Royal children in the 17th century.One of these questions was who and what was the portrait being painted in front of the canvass being hidden from us. Is it the royal couple being painted, or is it really the royal princess being the one prepared to be painted? The figures painted in Las Meninas suggest to me that Diego Velasquez de Silva is painting a portrait of King Philip IV and Queen Mariana as they are reflected from a mirror glass behind Las Meninas.The focus of sight of the self-portrait of Velasquez, the picture of the dwarf Maribarbola, the picture of the queen’s palace marshal Jose Nieto, and the picture of a guardadamas all suggest to me that it was the portrait of the royal couple that were the one really being painted by Velasquez in the front of the canvass that were hidden from us. Las Meninas is somewhat a snapshot of the painting session of Velasquez with the royal couple which is being viewed by their Infanta Margarita together with her court. Infanta Margarita is shown to be not focused with either the portrait being canvassed or the royal couple being painted.This could be caused by the offering of a jug of water by the queen’s maid of honour, Doà ±a Maria Agustina Sarmiento. The two lady servants are too focused with assisting Infanta Margarita. The male dwarf beside Maribarbola was then busy with play ing with a dog in front of them. The lady in waiting beside the guardadamas may be described in Las Meninas as being bored or sleepy. Though some were not focused with what Velasquez was working on, it is enough for me that Velasquez, Nieto, Maribarbola, and the Guardadamas was looking with the royal couple so as to conclude they were the one being painted by Velasquez.

Application of Criminological Theory

This paper will focus on the application of criminological theory in the following scenario: As the vice principal in charge of discipline at a prestigious school, I need to determine what actions to take in dealing with a deviant eighth grade male student. This student comes from a disadvantaged socioeconomic background and has now been caught in a physical altercation with another student. My direct supervisor, the principal, believes it is in the student’s best interest to remain at our school.As I am in charge of discipline, I will suggest several possible courses of action, incorporating criminological theories, to be used either singly or in tandem. The first course of action would be to speak to both of the students involved in the altercation and in turn, their parents. Although it is not an excuse, it is possible that there was some instigation preceding the altercation. Speaking with both students may paint a picture as to the nature of what transpired and how it could have been avoided. In any case, both students will be reprimanded as we have a zero tolerance policy for such acts here at the school. To properly understand the deviant student, let’s call him David, it will be necessary to find out more about his background, social and family ties, peer influences, general demeanor, and any goals or hopes he has. I cannot simply classify David as a juvenile delinquent or a future criminal. To label him may do more harm than good. Labeling Theory The labeling theory asserts that once an individual has deviated from the social norms of society, they are labeled as a delinquent or a criminal, and begin to behave as such (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011).In other words, if David is continuously labeled by the school, his peers, and society in general as a juvenile delinquent then he will begin to believe it himself. His self-esteem and self-worth will go down and he will begin viewing himself as a juvenile delinquent. Once David has accepted his label, he will begin to engage in more and more deviant acts. So it is important here that I am sensitive to his situation and avoid putting a label on him for one discretionary act. Social Disorganization Theory We know that David comes from a disadvantaged socioeconomic background.It is likely that he lives in an environment where social ties are poor and delinquent peer groups are abundant. Such communities have a higher crime rate and a higher rate of delinquency, as explained by their weak social bonds. Socially organized and tight-knit communities are more likely to supervise and control teenage peer groups where socially disorganized communities are not (McCord, 1992). External factors such as lack of supervision and a weak social bond may be contributing to David’s delinquency. Unfortunately, the school can do little in the way of helping him and his family out of their community. However, creating a social bond of sorts here at the school may help David move from a perhaps delinquent peer group to one more conscientious of social norms and societal laws. I would suggest trying to get David involved in a sport or another social club at the school. Again, finding out what he is interested in is an important part of helping him. We want David to feel socially accepted and increase his self-esteem. Learning Theories Learning theories suggest that antisocial, deviant, and criminal behavior is not instilled in an individual, but learned through interactions with their environment and peers. Because of their individual circumstances, some people learn and practice behaviors that the larger society condemns. Not surprisingly, children growing up in neighborhoods rife with crime often end up committing crime themselves† (Barkan, 2009). It is essential that David associate with peers that follow and respect societies rules. The theory of differential association attributes an individual’s attitudes and views of crime and deviance to that of their immediate social groups.In other words, if David’s peer group is deviant, he will be deviant as well. Another explanation for that follows the theory of differential identification; David may feel the need to â€Å"fit in† and be accepted as a member of a group. By acting like the group he has chosen to fit in to; dressing like they do, speaking the way they speak, and engaging in the same deviant activities they engage in, he gains their approval and is accepted as part of the group. In the same manner, David is learning deviant behavior because he is exposed to it on a regular basis.He may see violence and deviance as a social norm (and therefore acceptable) because in his immediate environment it is a normal occurrence. Finally, through differential reinforcement, this learned behavior is reinforced through reward or praise from his peer group. Perhaps he see’s frequent violence in which the person committing the violence is never reprimanded. If David believes he can commit these acts with little fear of reprimand or with the encouragement of his peer group, he is more likely to do so and not even feel like he has done anything wrong.School is a place with many rules and many types of interactions with different people. Clearly what is acceptable in David’s home environment and peer group is not acceptable here. It is important that he understand what is right and wrong in this setting and furthermore, in society. I will likely suggest that David speak with the school’s psychologist to determine how much learned deviant behavior he has experienced. This will also give him an opportunity to bond with someone who respects social norms and laws. Control TheoriesUnlike other criminological theories, control theories set out to learn not why individuals commit crime, but why they do not commit crime (Akers Sellers, 2004). David’s meeting with the school psychologist will also shed some light on where he measures using some of the control theories. The containment theory introduces the possibility that there are internal and external influences that guide an individual away from committing crime. Internally, that individual’s positive self-image and tolerance for frustration help sway them from becoming deviant.On the other side, external influences like positive role models and a close family bond will do the same (Barkan, 2009). Travis Hirshi’s social bonding theory had several explanations for the behavior of juveniles. These explanations included supported research that found that â€Å"youth’s who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit criminal acts† and â€Å"youths who maintained weak and distant relationships with people tended toward delinquency† (Evans, n. d. ) One final addition to control theories, although there are several more, is the coercive control and social support theory.This theory, in short, states that an individual is coerced into crime either through fear or through other means, such as poverty. Whether that individual has strong social support from family, their community, and social institutions such as school, has a large impact on the likelihood that the individual with commit crime. While each of these control theories introduce several ideas about why individual’s may or may not commit crime, one similarity is present throughout. The presence of a strong social bond with friends, family, and community encourages a crime free existence. To encourage David to head down the right path, so to speak, we need to fortify his social bonds. Life-Course Theories Life-course theories focus on what factors occur during different stages of one’s life that may promote delinquency or crime. These factors include: socioeconomic status, poor and inconsistent parenting, weak social bonds, poor school performance, and delinquent peers. (Barkan, 2009). The recurring theme across the life-course theories is that it is weak social bonds, poor parenting, and the influence of delinquent peers that determine an individual’s susceptibility to deviant behavior.Strain, or stress, result from an individual’s perceived inadequacies making them even more susceptible. Such strain can be caused by any number of the causal factors of delinquency listed above. A young and impressionable individual such as David may experience strain because of his socioeconomic status, his difficulty at the school, or many other reasons. The more strain one experiences, the more likely they are to display deviant behavior. Conclusion I fully support the principal’s decision to keep David at the school as it truly is in his best interest.My final disciplinary decision regarding the physical altercation between David and the other student will include several days of in-school suspension where both boys will be able to serve out their punishment while still completing school assignments, separated from the rest of the students of course. I am compelled to reach out to David and give him every opportunity to reform. I will be speaking with the teacher who made the initial complaint regarding David to explain to them that he is in need of a positive role model and positive reinforcement.A visit with the school’s psychologist will also be made. Not only will this give David an outlet to perhaps discuss his problems, it will also expose him to another positive influence and someone who can help him cope with any anger issues he may have. Introducing David to positive and close social bonds is already decreasing the chance that he will engage in more deviant behavior. Suggestions will be made that he engage in a sport or other social clubs at the school. This will encourage David to interact with a less deviant peer group.There will also be a meeting between David and myself. I will explain to David that his current behaviors are unacceptable here at school and any further infractions will be dealt with swift and more severe punishments. Once that has been discussed, I would like to find out more about what goals David has. In doing so, I can help motivate him to obtain these goals. My intention is to make it clear to him that I am there to help with any issues he has and that he can feel comfortable coming to me, or any other school staff, if he needs to.In closing, the main goal here is to help David by introducing positive role models, making him feel socially accepted to increase his self-esteem, strengthen his social bonds, and encourage him to interact with people in a more positive way. If nowhere else, a school should foster these values to reduce a child’s likelihood of delinquency. ? References Akers, R. , Sellers, C. (2004). Student Study Guide for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application (4th ed. ). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, ASSESSMENT A Essay

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, ASSESSMENT A - Essay Example Formal strategic planning is a process of decision making where suggestions are taken from the top level management towards making effective decisions within the organisation. It is worth mentioning that formal planning cannot be really effectual unless managers apply their fundamental knowledge, judgement and perception about the planning process (Steiner, 2010). On the other hand, alternative strategic decision-making is a modern process of defining a strategy or direction and making decisions by replacing formal procedures with the prime motive of solving issues with aid of inculcating circumstantial restraints and significances. With the growing competition in the global marketplace, many critics believe that formal strategic planning does not meet the current dynamic market requirements while making effective decisions and alternative forms of decisions making are more appropriate while making any decision (Popa, n.d.). With these considerations, the main objective of this study is to provide a detailed analysis which would depict that alternative forms of strategic planning are more appropriate for organisations that operate in highly uncertain and dynamic environments. Discussion Today’s business environment is considered to be in one of the most competitive industrial environments. With the rapid technological developments and the increasing competitors’ demands for new goods, the strategic planning process is also evolving at a rapid pace. It has therefore become vital for every organisation to implement plans that would not only aid them in maintaining their leading position but also facilitate them in attracting more customers by fulfilling their current demands. Strategic planning is determined to be an organisational management function that is utilised for setting priorities, resources, strengthening operations and ensuring that the employees and other people associated with the organisation are working in a collaborated manner towar ds the accomplishment of a common goal. It also helps in establishing an agreement around intended outcomes along with accessing and adjusting the organisational functionalities in accordance with the changing environment (Hitt & et. al., 2012). However, there have been numerous discussions amid different critics about the nature and the disadvantages of traditional strategic planning. Nature of Traditional/Formal Strategic Planning Approach Traditional strategic planning process mainly utilised theoretical and management tools to implement steps that would aid in attaining the future goals of the organisation. However, the effectiveness of the process mostly relies on how well the plan has been defined, the level of the organisational readiness to implement new changes in its functional process and its commitment towards building actions to achieve the organisational objectives (Eoyang, 2003). However, with the growing challenges in the business world, there has been an emergence o f a number of limitations arising out of traditional st

ITM301 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ITM301 SLP - Essay Example Another advantage of using Wikis is its wide selection of categories and various writers to work and edit on the articles. This results to a good read in the part of the online site visitors. Co-Wiki is the official wiki site for Champions Online, a multi-layered online role playing game. The purpose of establishing the site is to provide all Champions Online fanatics an update of their favorite online games. Using the site, they can also upgrade their characters everytime they acquire the perks available. The site actually has everything about Champions Online from their Manual Guidelines and Policies to Character Upgrading for user convenience. The theme of the site is parallel to its purpose and features. By the looks of the site, it is obvious that it deals about online gaming and game character making. This is an advantage for the site so as not to confuse the readers about their purpose. The categories have sub-parts that the visitors can access. In the site, categories which u mbrellas other articles and activities are News, Article Listings, Patch Notes, and Featured Article. On the left side of the site are the other navigation and gaming links. The dark background and putting a few action comic characters helped the site project an action-packed ambiance that every online gamers enjoy. The Wiki is useful for everyone who likes Champions Online. It has the information that every fan needs.

External Business Enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External Business Enviroment - Essay Example De Rome (2006) describes environment as the surroundings where a person or an entity gets influenced. This means the circumstances that surround us are the environment. Same as we perceive the surroundings, the businesses gets affected the same way. Environment is very important when we discuss the nature of the business and its location. Perhaps, the environment controls businesses and can either make them profitable or else shut these off. The word external is described as any force, issue, person, or anything connected to outside, (Bradley C. Karkkainen, 1994 ; William H. Rodgers, 1994). This refers to everything that is connected with the exterior of a certain thing, is called external. External in this report, will be discussed with reference to the forces that influence a change in the business environment and its strategies. U.K. is a well stabled, prosper and a developed nation, and that’s a major reason behind many businessmen who want to invest in United Kingdom. United Kingdom’s environment is a business friendly and is also very welcoming to new trends, which makes the market profitable and every business find a way to the profits because of the cosmopolitan nature of the country. London is considered to be a magnet for global businesses and investors. Moreover, the European Union serves as an addition to the market of London. Businessmen just intend to enter in to the single largest market of the world, with the world leading financial services of the world. By now, it is fairly understood that how is the U.K. environment in terms of businesses, operate and why are the investors so keen to invest in the pool.

Housing Act 2004 - Empty Dwellings Management Orders Essay

Housing Act 2004 - Empty Dwellings Management Orders - Essay Example If one were to quantify the cost of empty homes, it would essentially mean a loss of approximately  £8,000 per year for each empty property which remains empty for over six months. This loss coupled with the fact that the number of homeless families in England has been constantly on the rise has been effective in instituting legal changes in the form of the Empty Dwelling Management Order (EDMO). Instituted on July 6, 2006 the EDMO gives the Local Housing Authority (LHA) the right to possession of property that has been unoccupied for more than six months. In order to obtain an EDDO, the LHA must appear before a Residential Property Tribunal to obtain an EMDO and must ensure the Tribunal that: When an EDMO has been made, the LHA has the right to do anything they would normally do in the course of managing a property. This includes entering the property, inspecting it and making the necessary changes to ensure that it complies with the ordinances in effect. It does not entitle the LHA to ownership but it does prevent the owner from entering the property, using it or allowing another individual to use it while the EDMO is in force. In order gain a full understanding of the scope and ramifications of an EDMO, it is prudent that we distinguish between the types of EDMO. There are two types of EDMO—an interim EDMO and a final EDMO. An interim EDMO is an order which last for up to twelve months and it obligates the LHA to work with the property owner in order to return the property to a condition wherein it can be occupied for residential use. If during this time no agreement has been reached between the LHA and the owner, then a final EDMO is ordered. The final EDMO all ows the LHA to manage the property indefinitely. Before a final EDMO is ordered the LHA has to present the Tribunal with its seven-year plan for returning the property to a condition suitable for residential occupancy (Department for Communities and Local Government,

The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict - Essay Example It is within this context of competing narratives and intractable conflict that the Oslo peace process was born. Guided by the hope of arriving at a just and lasting peace, Israeli and Palestinian leaders designed, composed, and signed seven interim agreements, known as the Oslo peace process. These agreements were intended to resolve their differences on issues such as borders and security, Jerusalem, and the right of return for refugees. They were also meant to mark a time of relative tranquillity in the region, particularly as compared to the violence that has been witnessed throughout Israel- Palestine’s troubled history. Agreements were reached through various means, such as public, back-channel, official, and non-official efforts. Throughout this process, the United States was involved as a mediator, though less so during the initial stages, which included the composition and signing of the Declaration of Principles, Oslo I, and Oslo II. However, following the 1997 election into the office of the Likud party’s Benyamin Netanyahu, the U.S. became more involved through subsequent agreements, including the Hebron Agreement, the Wye River Memorandum, and the Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum. While conceding to the fact that Oslo ultimately failed, it significantly contributed to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. First, Oslo succeeded in transforming the conflict from a struggle over identity (which is an existential and intractable one) to a struggle over concrete and potentially tractable issues.

Operation Desert Storm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Operation Desert Storm - Research Paper Example Saddam Hussein gave orders to his army to invade the small country of Kuwait. During the invasion, Iraq was well equipped with the latest technology weapons they got from the United States. Initially, the United States had provided massive military aid to Iraq for their protection. It was a wrong move from the country as this saw Iraq uses the weapons to attack people of Kuwait. The US Military together with other countries’ military had to go stop the invasion, and it resulted in a big war (USHistory.Org., 2015). The US Military had a good preparation before going to the war of evicting Iraq soldiers from Kuwait. The problem is that the military was not well prepared for the aftermath of the invasion. The army did not know what to do in case their efforts failed. The Army also wanted to end Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship in Iraq and his support for terrorism (Dale, 2009). The approach of the United States is giving Saddam Hussein an ultimatum about leaving Kuwait was no t right. Saddam Hussein and his troops were to leave Kuwait on January 15, 1991. They did not follow the orders. Thus, US Military released its attack on the people. There was massive bombing of the Iraq’s military camps for a few weeks. There are arguments that suggest the US government was feeling threatened by Iraq as they had intelligence suggesting Iraq could have been making weapons of mass destruction. The objectives of the government attacking Iraq were wrong placed that is why the mission did not get good execution (Waldman, 2005). The other countries involved had opposition to Iraq, but did not attack with the same force as the US Army. There were other countries in the United Nations that did not find enough evidence to attack Iraq’s army thus did not participate. The military that invaded Kuwait to attack Iraq were well prepared for the invasion, but the problem is that they did not

Feminist Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feminist Movement - Research Paper Example This discussion will not only focus aspects of changing gender roles among females and males over the last 40 years. Before the 1960’s, a large percentage were only accepted in programs that were perceived as simple and involved social aspects of interaction for instance: Teachers, convent sisters, nurses and secretaries (tavaana.org). However, with the increased advocacy of equality in job opportunities for women in more technical programs in the 1960’s, a significant percentage of women began accessing enrolment in medical schools as well as colleges that provided, many women also began accessing employment in manufacturing industries; however at a lower wages compared to men (tavaana.org). In article published by the United States History, Arts & Archives, it is indicated that women were not given the right to vote before the introduction of the Women’s Suffrage movement. With the introduction of this movement, women were given the right to vote and occupy political offices (history.house.gov). These rights have since saw a shift in political power and decision making issues, leading to a scenario where women can lead the society and make pertinent decisions just like men. In a research undertaken by the Pew Research on Social and Demographic Trends, it was noted that the United States’ Labor Force accounts for 38% women and 62% men since that 1970’s. The research indicated that the number was attributed to the wide range of public consensus concerning the changing role of women and men in the society. Additionally, the study indicated that approximately 75% of the American populace agree that women should not go back to their traditional roles as home cares, but should work equally like men and contribute to their families’ income (www.pewsocialtrends.org). This is another aspect of a change in role between men and men. Over the last four decades, men and women have take almost equal roles in provision of responsibilities in

A World Affected by Pollution and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

A World Affected by Pollution and Global Warming Essay Roy M. Harrison.(2001) Pollution:Cause, Effects and Control. Royal society of chemistry. This author concentrates mainly chemical and radioactive pollution. The book speaks of the sources of pollutants and their effects on both living and non livings especially human. It also shows how chemical pollution can also cause of water, air and land pollution. Agarwal S.K. Water pollution. APH publishing(Jan.1 2005) The author bases the book on recent views, ideas and contribution of various leading ecologist information of water pollution. It show how to use waste water and its treatments. Irina Gray (2008). Pollution effects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. The writer shows the various types and causes of pollution and its effects on the environment. It shows the effect on human ranging mild discomfort to serious diseases. It also how the effect destroy animal life and the atmosphere. Credit: www.Tropical-Rainforest-Animals.com Margaret A. Wheatley(1996). Social and cultural impact of mercury pollution on Aboriginal people in Canada. Neurotox 17(1), 251-256 The writer explores the link between mercury pollution and social cultural disruption in Canadian aboriginal communities. It shows the difficulties in communication that contribute to the social and cultural impacts and their health effects.Credit: V. Ramanathan and G. Carmichael(2008). Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon.Nature Geoscience 221-221. The writers express how black carbon becomes air pollution and how it affects both the climate and the environment. This book said that the pollution affect different regions and the black carbon in soot is the dominant absorber of visible solar radiation in the atmosphere. Credit: www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n4/full/ngeo/56.html S.Fred Singer.(1968) Global Effects of environmental pollution. Science 13 vol. 162 no 3859. The author talks the pollution effects on humans, animals, plants and the environment. It expresses the cause of pollution and how it causes the extinction of animals and plants species which is a grave loss for mankind. It shows how the advancement in technology aids the improvement of a well being of mankind but also its consequences. Credit: books.google.com/books Clive Glifford (2006). Planet under pressure:pollution. Rain-tree ISBN-13: 9781844439 744. The book examines how pollution has become a global issue and looks at the debate over possible solution. It shows how pollution whether air, water, radioactive or terrestrial affect the lives of a lot of people causing disease and contributing to the global warming. Credit: www.booksdirect.com.au/books/?isbn=9781844439744 Green StudentU. Pollution. This is a encyclopedia entry which speaks of how toxic chemicals from factories pollute the land, air and water. It explains what pollution is and why there are different types . Of the types, It takes of their sources and how to prevent them. It gives link to environment protection agency website if to be involved in prevention of pollution. It also gives the statistics of the people affected by pollution and other. Credit: www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/pollution

Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies Occurring During Pregnancy

Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies Occurring During Pregnancy The type of nutrition that a mother gets during pregnancy, both qualitatively and quantitatively, can be the deciding factor in a childs well-being. A study1 showed that there was a small (70 g) but significant increase in birthweight among infants of mothers receiving multiple micronutrients as compared with infants of mothers receiving iron-folic acid supplements hence signifying the importance of giving not just the traditional supplements. It is essential that the mother intake a very healthy diet: according to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), pregnant women should increase their usual servings of a variety of foods from five basic food groups to include the following: Three to four servings of fruits and vegetables Nine servings of whole-grain or enriched bread, cereal, rice, or pasta for energy Three servings of milk, yogurt, and cheese for calcium Three servings of meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, dried beans, and peas for protein Separate and specific supplements for the nutrients found in the above foods should only be taken to make sure all the requirements are being met, not as a replacement for a healthy diet. The specific nutrients required by women in the pre-pregnancy and pregnancy state have already been discussed. This section talks more about the effects that malnutrition (lack of specific essential nutrients) during pregnancy state will have on the health of a child. The effects being studied in this report focus more on cognition, language, social and emotional behavior. In order to properly identify the specific effects of malnutrition, it would be beneficial to first allocate a time-period during which development is most sensitive. This period is termed the critical period and extends from gestation to first 2 years of life. However this may vary study to study and also with reference to different aspects of development being studied. A Broad Perspective Maternal malnutrition, which amounts to a BMI of

Basic Structures Of Ferrous Metals

Basic Structures Of Ferrous Metals Ferrous metals is mainly based on iron-carbon alloy with the combination of other alloys such as plain carbon steels, alloy, tools steels, stainless steels and cast iron. Alloys having iron with a valance of +2 are known as ferrous; those alloys which have iron with a valence of +3 are called as ferric. Ferrous metals or alloys are metals that contain the element iron in it. Depending on the end of use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, wrought by rolling, or processed by forging, extruding or another deformation process. All ferrous metals are magnetic. They contain a small quantity of other metals in order to give the correct properties. Manipulation of atom-to-atom relationships between iron, carbon and various alloying elements establishes the specific properties of ferrous metals. As atoms transform from one specific arrangement, or crystalline lattice, to another its gives good mechanical propertie s. Pure iron: It is also called as Pure Ferrite. The carbon content is calculated. From 0 to 0.5%.It has the BCC structure when it is in room temperature. Also known as Alpha iron. Plain Carbon Steel: Consists of iron containing small amounts of carbon. The carbon content can vary from 0.008% to approximately 2.0%. Low- Alloy steel: Steel containing alloy additions which usually do not exceed a total about 10% are referred to allow-alloy steels Ultra-High-Strength steel: Steel capable of developing yield strength greater than about 1104 Mpa are considered ultra-high-strength alloys. Medium-carbon low-alloy steel: These alloys consists of grades such as 4130,4330 and 4340, which can be quenched and tempered to yield strengths on the order of 1725 Mpa Maraging steel: This class of steel consists basically of extra-low-carbon (less than 0.3%) iron-based alloys to which a high percentage of nickel has been added. Corrosion-Resistant (stainless) steel: Stainless steel may be divided into four categories: ferritic, martencitic, austenitic, and age-hardenable. Ferritic stainless Steels: This group of stainless steel contains between 11.5 and 27% chromium as the only major alloying element in addition to a maximum of 0.25% carbon Martensitic stainless steels: This type of stainless steel is also primarily chromium steel, but in contrast to the ferritic group, consists enough carbon to produce martensite by quenching 0.15 and 0.75% carbons. Austenitic stainless steels: This Stainless Steel is alloyed to the extent that they remain austenitic at low temperatures. The principal alloying elements added to the chromium and nickel, generally totaling than 23% Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: The last class of stainless steel we will discuss depends on precipitation hardening for the optimum development of properties. Very high strength together with corrosion resistance Cast iron: Cast irons are iron-carbon-silicon alloys. More than 2% of carbon Grey cast-iron: Also known as graphite cast iron. They depend on the distribution size and amount of the graphite flakes and matrix structure. Spheroid graphite cast-iron: Also known as Ductile or nodular iron. It has high modulus of elasticity. Austempered Ductile iron: Recent addition to cast iron family, outstanding combination of high strength, toughness, wears resistance. Compacted cast iron: Referred as vermicular iron. Consists of 80% graphite and 20% spherodial graphite Malleable Cast iron: Carbons present as an irregular shaped nodules of graphite. Also classified as white heart malleable cast iron. Blackheart malleable cast iron.Pearlitie malleable cast iron Austentic carbon: They are high alloy cast iron. Mainly nickel in which carbon is present List of advantages These are materials with high specific strengths when compared with weight that is high strength to weight ratio. High quality materials exist in abundant quantities within earth’s crust and are readily available worldwide in various certificate grades. It increases the speed of construction in the field of civil engineering. Versatility;steel suits range of construction methods sequences. Modification repair can be easily done with left effort. Recycling can be done easily. Durability of these materials are very high Aesthetics;steel has a broad architectural possibilities Limitation of the material in engineering applications: The principal limitation of many ferrous alloys is their susceptibility to corrosion Costly waste as scrap High cost of final finishing polishing Environmental issuebecause of improper disposal Ferrous metals get rusted easily (oxidize) unless protected eg. with oil b) Non-ferrous metal Non-ferrous metals are metals other than iron and they do not contain an appreciable amount of iron in them. Non-ferrous metals are aluminum, magnesium, titanium alloys, copper, zinc and miscellaneous alloys like nickel, in, lead, zinc as base metals. The precious metals silver, gold and platinum are also coming under non-ferrous group. Non ferrous metals are alloys which are non magnetic. Non ferrous metals: Aluminum: Abundant element of 8% on earth crust and normally found in Oxide forms (Al2O3), i.e., bauxite, kaolinite, nepheline and alunite Aluminum base alloys: Aluminum is used in its commercially pure state as well as in its many alloy forms. The heat –treatable types have the advantage of being relatively easy to fabricate in their soft condition, after which they are heat treated to develop their higher strengths. Copper- base alloys: Copper is seldom industrially employed in its pure state. Copper has its most value when alloyed with other elements. It dissolves with elements such as tin, zinc, and silver in rather wide proportions. Magnesium – base alloys: Magnesium are noted for their lightness. The specific gravity of magnesium is 0.064 lb per cu.; in comparison, aluminum, steel, and titanium are 0.09, 0.28, and 0.16 lb per cu., respectively. Magnesium alloys lend themselves to welding and filler are protected by an inert gas. They are relatively easy to cast by most foundry methods, particularly die casting. Nickel –base alloys: Nickel is one of the oldest metals known to man. Currently this metal is almost indispensable in the alloying of steels to confer toughness, uniformity of hardness, and good workability; and as a basic alloy to resist high corrosion and high temperatures Lead-Tin alloys: The principal lead –tin alloys consist of solders and bearing materials. The 70% tin -30% lead solder is used mainly in the joining and coating of metals. The 63% tin-37% lead is a eutectic type solder developed primarily for making electrical joints. Zinc-base alloys: Zinc base alloys predominate as die casting materials. These alloys have high cast ability and favorable mechanical and chemical properties. Zinc base alloys can be cast in the range 750-800  º F, and, therefore, have a low –temperature advantage over other alloys Less common metals and alloys: Titanium and its alloys: Because of their high strength- weight ratio, titanium and its alloys have received a great amount of attention from the aircraft and missiles industries. Molybdenum: This element has long been known for its ability to confer the property of high temperature stability to steels. Zirconium: Zirconium metal has a density of 0.24 lb per cu in. And a melting point of 3355 ºF. The metal has fair tensile strength, depending somewhat upon its method of manufacture. It fabricates similar to titanium, and it’s eminently suited to the resistance to corrosion. List of advantages Non ferrous metal do not corrode (aluminum for example) High thermal conductivity High electrical conductivity Non ferrous metals have relatively high density Nonmagnetic properties Higher melting points Resistance to chemical They are also specified for electrical applications They are comparatively low in electrical conductivity Non ferrous have inherent susceptibility to corrosion in some common environment Non ferrous metals are usually light weight but ferrous metals are heavier Limitation of the material in engineering applications They are not as strong as carbon steel (ferrous metal). Non ferrous metals are typically not used in structural applications. Non ferrous metals are usually more expensive by the pound than are ferrous metals. Low tensile strength but excellent specific strength. They don’t show ductile to brittle transition in low temperature. c) Polymers: Compounds that are formed by the joining of smaller layers, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds are called polymer. A polymer is a large molecule consists of repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. Polymer in popular used as plastic; the term polymer refers to a large category of natural and synthetic materials with a wide spectrum of properties. Natural polymers are those which come from plants and animals have been used for many centuries; these materials include wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, and silk. Other polymers such as proteins, enzymes, starches, and cellulose are important in biological and physiological processes in plants and animals. The backbone of a polymer used for the preparation of plastics consists mainly of carbon atoms. Polymer in popular used as plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties Polymers: Polymers are classified into several ways, by how the molecules are synthesized, by their molecular structure, or by their chemical family. Linear polymer Any polymer in which molecules are in the form of spaghetti-like chains. Thermoplastics Linear or branched polymers in which chains of molecules are not interconnected to one another. Thermosetting polymers Polymers that are heavily cross-linked to produce a strong three dimensional network structure. Elastomers These are polymers (thermoplastics or lightly cross-linked thermo sets) that have an elastic deformation > 200%. Polymers are classified into three main categories; Thermoplastics: Branched polymer Any polymer consisting of chains that consist of a main chain and secondary chains that branch off from the main chain. Crystalline is important in polymers since it affects mechanical and optical properties. Tacticity Describes the location in the polymer chain of atoms or atom groups in nonsymmetrical monomers. Liquid-crystalline polymers Exceptionally stiff polymer chains that act as rigid rods, even above their melting point. Elastomers (Rubbers): Geometric isomer: A molecule that has the same composition as, but a structure different from, a second molecule. Diene: A group of monomers that contain two double-covalent bonds. These monomers are often used in producing elastomers. Cross-linking: Attaching chains of polymers together to produce a three-dimensional network polymer. Vulcanization: Cross-linking elastomer chains by introducing sulfur or other chemicals. List of advantages Polymers are ultra durable Flexible doesnt rust slow to degrade They can be molded into virtually any shape conceivable can be custom colored in the production stage Polymers are recyclable quite a good electrical insulator and has a low dielectric constant The biggest advantage for PP is its low cost It also has a flexibility in cold whether with ultraviolet stability can be easily repaired from mechanical damage with simple field tools Limitation of the material in engineering applications In the production stage, polymers are susceptible to contamination The least bit of dirt or cross-contamination w/other polymers, and at best the end product is corrupt, at worst the polymers are rendered useless Any variances in heat and timing in the molding process and, again, the final product will be corrupt or useless. lower melting point flammability Elevated temperatures will make any crystalline more isotropic non bio-degradable easily breakable when polymers incorporated with additives are burnt they emit a lot of poisonous gases into the atmosphere improper disposal leads to environmental pollution undergo oxidation and ozonation easily d) ceramics: These are materials that are produced when two materials are joined together to give a combination of properties that cannot be achieved in the original state. Ceramics can be divided into two classes: advanced and traditional. Advanced ceramics consist of carbides, pure oxides, nitrides, non-silicate glasses and many others; while Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement. A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous. Agglomerated materials: Concrete: This is one of the oldest agglomerated composite materials to be used for engineering construction, and consists of a mixture aggregate and sand bonded together by the hydrated silicate the gel formed when the Portland cement â€Å"sets† with water. Ratio of aggregate, sand and cement: A very common mix consists of 4parts aggregate, 2parts sand and 1 part cement powder. The water-cement ratio: The water added to the concrete is used in the hydration of the cement itself, and any water in excess of the amount required for setting reactions has a weakening effect upon the concrete. The nature of the aggregate and sand: The bond between the hydrated cement and the aggregate and sand is improved if the both the aggregate and sand are sharp-cornered rather than rounded. Strong fine-grained igneous rocks like basalt, dolerite, and quantize are commonly used for concrete aggregate, the size of which varies with the size of the job. Mixing and laying: Under-or over-mixing gives a poor concrete, and the method of lying is of the utmost importance. Concrete vibrated into place is always stronger than concrete poured and hand-screwed Curing time: The hardening of cement occurs over a considerable length of time and it is important to prevent the evaporation of moisture .during the initial stages. Concrete is often covered with wet sand or bags for seven days to prevent the evaporation of moisture, and concrete cured under water after taking its initial set achieves its maximum strength. Asphalt paving: This is composite in which rock aggregate is bounded by viscous asphalt: it is used extensively for road surfacing. The material is not as rigid as concrete, this being an advantage for road construction. Cermets: These are agglomerates that consist of combinations of metal and ceramics, the metal acting as the binder. Cermets are made using the techniques of powder metallurgy, the sintering temperature usually being above the melting point of the metal powder. Laminates: Many different types of laminated materials are made of different applications, the mild-steel-stainless combination being a good example of a modern metal-to-metal laminate. Plywood: This is made by bonding together an odd number of sheets of wood veneer so that the grain directions of alternate sheets are perpendicular to each other. Laminated plastic sheet: This is usually made from sheet of paper or cloth and a suitable thermosetting resin. The paper or cloth passes or cloth passes through a tank containing the resin solution, between rollers that squeeze out the excess resin, and then through a drying oven in which excess solvents are removed and the resin is partially cured. Reinforced Materials: It forms the biggest and most important group of composite materials, the purpose of reinforcement always being the improvement of strength properties. Reinforcement may involve the use of a dispersed phase, or strong fiber, thread, or rod Reinforced concrete: This is the most widely used of all construction materials, since it is not only comparatively easy to place into position and finish, but is also maintenance free during its service life. Glass-fiber reinforced plastics: These combine the strength of glass fiber with the shock resistance and formability of a plastic. The usual types of reinforcement are the chopped strand mat and the woven fabric, the latter giving increased strength to the composite. List of advantages They are harder and stiffer than steel more heat and corrosion resistant than metals or polymers less dense than most metals and their alloys plentiful and inexpensive doesn’t conduct electricity Ceramics are used in the manufacture of knives. The blade of the ceramic knife will stay sharp for much longer than that of a steel knife, although it is more brittle and can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface Ceramic engines are made of lighter materials and do not require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction Ceramics are also more chemically resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust High-tech ceramic is used in watch making for producing watch cases scratch-resistance In very high speed applications, heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings; problems which are reduced by the use of ceramics Durability and smooth touch. ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements Limitation of the material in engineering applications The main disadvantage of medical ceramic materials is their fragility The ceramic materials cannot deform under the stress, as can do plastics and metals Ceramics do not perform well with tension or tensional loads. A hard, brittle material that can withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion Ceramics cannot be joined (and repaired) by welding. The other disadvantage is that ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension Ceramics dont bend much, and when they break, instead of slowly pulling apart the way metals will, they generally snap they have a tendency to shatter when something hits them hard Q-2 An overview of the engineering properties and behavior of ferrous metals, Non-ferrous metals, polymers composites, and ceramics a) Ferrous metals. Pure iron: Easily weld able, good corrosion resistance, effective electrical conductivity. Used in iron rods Plain Carbon Steel: Expensive, soft and weak, easily weld able, good ductility, Good toughness. Used in hammers, chisels, a drill, knives, wire and dies for all purposes. Low- Alloy steel: Machinable, ductility of more, than 25%. Used in transportation, agriculture, construction, and military applications. Ultra-High-Strength steel: Ductile, Formable, and Machinable. Has higher strength that other steel. Mainly used in Bridges, towers, and pressure vessels. Medium-carbon low-alloy steel: Has low Harden ability. Used in rocket motor cases, aircraft components, including bolts, pins, main landing gears, and brake housings, and a wide variety of structural and machinery parts. Ferritic stainless Steels: Good resistant to wear and tear, highly ductile. Tensile strength – 380Mpa, Yield strength 205Mpa, Ductility 20%, High tensile strength. Good corrosion resistant. Used in furnace parts, boiler baffles, kiln linings, stack dampers, chemical processing equipment, automobile trim, catalytic converters, and decorative purposes in general. Martensitic stainless steels: Tensile strength 485Mpa, Yield strength 275Mpa. Used in cutlery, surgical instruments, valves, turboine parts, pump parts, and oil well equipment. Austenitic stainless steels: Outstanding resistance too many types of corrosion and erosion. Superior cast ability, Good mach inability, and Tensile strength 515Mpa, and Yield strength 170Mpa. Used in decorative purposes, interior show cases, automobile trim, aircraft is fitting, food handling. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: Very high strength towards corrosion and resistance. Used for aircraft parts, nuclear reactor components, landing gear parts, high-performance shafting and petrochemical applications requiring stress corrosion resistance. Grey cast-iron: Ease of melting and casting process. Air-cooled cylinders clutch housing clutch plates. Spheroid graphite castiron: Modulus of elasticity, Wear resistance, excellent machinability, High thermal conductivity, Outstanding cast ability. Austempered Ductile iron: Higher tensile strength, higher ductility, Machinability and corrosion resistance are similar to g.c iron. Automotive and agricultural products like Axle housing, brake calipers, brake cylinders. Boiler segments, conveyor frames, bulldozer parts. Compacted cast iron: Good wear resistance used in automotives and engineering applications. Used in shafts, helical gears, couplings, and conveyor rollers. Malleable Cast iron: Higher tensile strength ductility. Fatigue life impact strength. Brake drums, discs. Cylinder heads piston rings. Used in Automotive transmission parts, clutch pedals. Steering knuckle, wheel hubs. Austentic carbon: Good fatigue strength, good damping capacity. Used in pump components valves, compressors. Alloy steels have greater harden ability than plain carbon steels Alloy steel have greater harden ability than plain carbon: The difference between the two is somewhat arbitrary definition. However, most agree that while the steel alloyed with more than eight percent of its weight of other elements besides iron and carbon steel is a strong ally. Low alloy steel is slightly higher. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other factors, making them more hardness, strength, corrosion resistance or hardness compared to carbon steel. For these properties, these alloys are often heat-treated. Carbon steel is steel that does not contain significant amounts of alloying elements other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. A low-carbon steel, medium carbon and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that many advantages over steel offers. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures can handle a large number of strains The difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsBottom of Form b) Non ferrous alloys Aluminum: Weak and ductile, Electrical conductivity is better. High thermal conductivity, Good resistance towards corrosion. Used in Aircraft, boats, pistons and cranks. Aluminum base alloys: copper has high electrical and thermal conductivity. Tensile strength and hardness can be improved. Used in Power lines, controllers, signaling devices. Miscellaneous copper base alloys: Electrical conductivity of 60%, Good corrosion resistance, has the Hcp structure. Used in applications like Aircraft and Spacecraft. Magnesium – base alloys: Has the melting point of 1455’C. Good formability. Good Corrosion Resistance. The pure Zinc has the melting point of 419’cIt has two types of alloys; Alloy A Good ductility Alloy B- Higher effective strength. Used in Petroleum industry, Chemical industry Food processing plants, Fuel pump, optical instruments, car doors etc. Lead-Tin alloys: Excellent corrosion resistance, Good strength. Resistant to high temperatures. Some important types of alloys, alpha titanium alloys, near alpha titanium alloys, Alpha-beta titanium alloys, Beta titanium alloys. Used in Compressor blades, Engine forging and space craft’s. Differences between non-ferrous alloys in the cast vs. wrought forms Nonferrous Alloy Specified for use in electrical and electronic applications. Reduced weight Higher strength Nonmagnetic properties Higher melting points Resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion. A type of cutting material is relatively expensive and must be directly casted into the form. Non-ferrous cast alloy tools have largely been replaced by carbide. Wrought alloy: Solid metal that has been bent, hammered, or physically formed into a desired shape. Wrought copper alloys can be utilized in the annealed, cold-worked, stress-relieved, or hardened-by-heat-treatment conditions, depending on composition and end use. Bronzes comprise four main groups: copper-tin-phosphorus alloys (phosphor bronze) copper-tin-lead-phosphorus alloys (leaded phosphor bronze) copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum bronzes) copper-silicon alloys (silicon bronze) Wrought copper-nickel alloys, like the cast alloys, have nickel as the principal alloying element. The wrought copper-nickel-zinc alloys are known as nickel silvers because of their color. c) Polymers: Polymers are classified in various way

The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games

The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com. The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com.

Putting A Price on Students :: essays research papers

Putting A Price On Students Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The state has taken on the obligation of providing budget funds for the education of each individual student at an institute of higher learning if he or she has passed the unified state exam. Russia continues to experiment with its educational system. Five Russian regions used unified state exams last year. Two Russian regions decided to continue the experiment by introducing state-issued vouchers (GIFO) this year. Reformers who tend to modernize Russian education believe that both experiments are necessary to produce the right effect. If everything is more or less clear with the unified state exam, the GIFO is still a mysterious and unknown phenomenon. The only thing that is known about the GIFO is that it comes from the state budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasoning behind the vouchers is a better education chance for all. Now students will be able to control their debt which will be owed at the end of their matriculation. Educational Impact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The funding of Russian institutes of higher learning could, without exaggeration, be called equalizing. Today, each university or institute draws up an estimate according to which it receives its share of state funds. In doing so, no one takes into account the category of the particular institution, whether it is prestigious, strong or weak, what kind of experts and specialists it actually trains. In other words, there is no incentive to improve the quality of education. Fifty-one percent of first-year students who were admitted to institutions of higher learning last year had to pay for their education. Secondly, parents spend about one billion dollars to prepare their children for university exams and to ensure their admission to institutes and universities. Most of this money circulates in the shadow sector of the Russian education system. The Russian Education Ministry believes that this situation reveals the inefficiency of financing Russia n education. A state that increases spending on education, including higher education, could expect maximum efficiency and the best performance. Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I support the idea of the GIFO because it seems to give every student an equal opportunity for education. But I wonder how many times can a student take the unified exam since your amount of state support depends on your score. And I also wonder if you can take the exam more than once will your support increase? The plans sound good on paper but I wonder if only the gifted or upwardly mobile students will be the only ones who are helped by these vouchers. Putting A Price on Students :: essays research papers Putting A Price On Students Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The state has taken on the obligation of providing budget funds for the education of each individual student at an institute of higher learning if he or she has passed the unified state exam. Russia continues to experiment with its educational system. Five Russian regions used unified state exams last year. Two Russian regions decided to continue the experiment by introducing state-issued vouchers (GIFO) this year. Reformers who tend to modernize Russian education believe that both experiments are necessary to produce the right effect. If everything is more or less clear with the unified state exam, the GIFO is still a mysterious and unknown phenomenon. The only thing that is known about the GIFO is that it comes from the state budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasoning behind the vouchers is a better education chance for all. Now students will be able to control their debt which will be owed at the end of their matriculation. Educational Impact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The funding of Russian institutes of higher learning could, without exaggeration, be called equalizing. Today, each university or institute draws up an estimate according to which it receives its share of state funds. In doing so, no one takes into account the category of the particular institution, whether it is prestigious, strong or weak, what kind of experts and specialists it actually trains. In other words, there is no incentive to improve the quality of education. Fifty-one percent of first-year students who were admitted to institutions of higher learning last year had to pay for their education. Secondly, parents spend about one billion dollars to prepare their children for university exams and to ensure their admission to institutes and universities. Most of this money circulates in the shadow sector of the Russian education system. The Russian Education Ministry believes that this situation reveals the inefficiency of financing Russia n education. A state that increases spending on education, including higher education, could expect maximum efficiency and the best performance. Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I support the idea of the GIFO because it seems to give every student an equal opportunity for education. But I wonder how many times can a student take the unified exam since your amount of state support depends on your score. And I also wonder if you can take the exam more than once will your support increase? The plans sound good on paper but I wonder if only the gifted or upwardly mobile students will be the only ones who are helped by these vouchers.

Women in Shakespeares Writings :: essays research papers fc

Shakespeare wrote many entries based on his feelings at that moment. The basis of many of his female characters was brought about by these certain emotions. The women in Shakespeare's writings emphasize many of the characteristics that reflect his own personality. Shakespeare bases many of his plays and poems on his moods.It is often said when writers write of what emotional state they are in, their words form the essence of their works. Shakespeare's moods, whether dark or romantic, have brought about many excellent plays that still touch the hearts of many to this day. (Kellog 225 -256) An example of his romantic mood is found in his play Romeo & Juliet. The strong love between the two reflected Shakespeare's love for his wife Anne. The bonds of love drive the "two star-crossed lovers" to disobey their families in hopes that their true love will unites the mortal enemies forever. In turn it pushes everyone to the edge. Juliet's father partially disowns her because she refuses to marry the suitor he has chosen for her. In effort to keep her and Romeo's love alive, Juliet takes a drug that makes her seem as though she were dead. (O' Conner 69) In the hour of her "fake" funeral, Romeo's friend Balthasar misinterprets Juliet's death. He flees to Mantua, which is where Romeo is exiled for slaying Tybalt. Romeo, not knowing of Juliet and the priest's actions, believes that story he was told to be true. He then returns to Verona a sad and forlorned man. (o' conner 127) Upon his return, Romeo purchases poison so that he may join his true love at the gates of heaven. He arrives at the church and approaches the supposedly dead Juliet. He allows himself one last hug and kiss before they are to meet again. As Romeo drinks the poison, Juliet awakens to find her love dying before her. When Romeo dies, Juliet feels the only way they can be together is in death. Therefore, Juliet falls on Romeo's sword so they can reunite again. Romeo & Juliet is one of Shakespeare's most famous romantic tragedies. (O' conner 217) Another characteristic that Shakespeare posses and gives to his female characters is religious beliefs. During the Renaissance period, women were very active in religion. They were only allowed to speak their minds in church so that is where they spent most of their time (sachs 17). The belief of the Renaissance time was that men ruled over their wives, as parents did children, as kings did coutries, and as God rules over all.

Language & Human Communication

Of all human skills, language is one of the most valuable because it allows us to communicate with one another. Human communication is important to society, enabling business and interpersonal relationships, as well as teaching and learning. Language is also important because it allows people to create new words for a changing society, like â€Å"Internet,† according to Palomar College. About Language 1. Languages are, essentially, systems of symbols that have meaning. Language is a means of human communication, whether it be expressed verbally, it writing or through sign language. All languages have a system of rules and meanings and can express an infinite number of ideas or meanings within that system. Human Language Development 2. Language is a part of human development, beginning its development in early childhood. Human language begins with what is called â€Å"babbling,† when infants make repetitive sounds like â€Å"mah mah† and â€Å"dah dah† that mark the beginning of speech development. Language is an important part of intellectual development and the development of communication skills. Communication, in turn, is vital to human language development. According to Palomar College, studies show that parents can help infants develop language skills by communicating with them often using and encouraging appropriate language rules. As the child's language skills continue to develop, he may begin to use language, albeit incorrectly. Gently correcting the child's speech can help her improve. If a child says, â€Å"I seen it,† for instance, correct by saying something like, â€Å"Yes, that's good, you saw it. I saw it, too,† thus illustrating the appropriate form of the verb â€Å"to see. † Communication and Language 3. Even though language is standardized, the interpreted meaning of the words that being communicated is influenced by a variety of factors about the situation. The way something is phrased, the tone in which it is said and the volume all matter. These â€Å"hidden† parts of communication affect way the listener interprets the speaker, according to Palomar College. Other Parts of Language 4. The message delivered through language may also be mediated by nonverbal or non-linguistic factors like body language and gestures. According to Palomar College, linguists and other language experts refer to nonverbal elements of language like tone of voice, smiling, frowning, use of personal space and other unspoken means of communication as â€Å"paralanguage† elements. Paralanguage can be just as important to human communication as language itself. In-Person Communication 5. While words are powerful, the power of in-person communication cannot be overlooked. According to Palomar College, it is estimated by researchers that up to 70 percent of the meaning derived from in-person communication comes from paralinguistic expressions. This is because paralanguage communicates the emotional and personal aspects of human communication that can be unseen in written and impersonal forms of language use.

DBQ on Sectionalism Essay

During the period of 1850-1861, America was struggling to stay united as debates over several major issues started to take the forefront. After the war with Mexico ended in 1848, America gained the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and California through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Soon after, disputes over whether these states should be free states or slave states erupted. By 1850, a solution was found in the Compromise of 1850 where California would become a free state, and New Mexico and Texas would have popular sovereignty, allowing them to decide for themselves whether they would be slave states or not. The Fugitive Slave Act was also written in 1850 in an effort to satisfy southern slave owners by requiring northerners to return any runaway slaves back to their owners in the South. The combination of the Compromise of 1850 and The Fugitive Slave Act, along with debates over the Constitution and popular sovereignty, started to impact the unity of the nation and potentially split the North and South even more. The actions of the government during the period of 1850-1861 contributed to the deteriorating conditions of America, particularly in the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act. In 1852, William Lloyd Garrison expressed the idea that the Constitution influenced slavery in America despite the fact that nothing about slavery was directly mentioned. He feels that a government in support of slavery is corrupt and cannot be trusted and that the people need to overthrow it. The Constitution’s inability to stop slavery leads to division among the people who support slavery and the people who do not. In this way, the government played a part in the weakening of the Union (Doc. E). The Fugitive Slave Act, a part of the Compromise of 1850, helped intensify tension between the pro-slavery South and anti-slavery North. In Boston, freed slaves had to be warned to avoid any interaction with watchmen and police in Boston, who now had the ability to send them back into slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act further divided the North and South because it forced the anti-slavery North to go against its beliefs and involve itself in the institution of slavery instead of preventing it (Doc. C). Ralph Waldo Emerson further describes the immortality of the Fugitive Slave Act by comparing the government’s varying  disciplines on the institution. In 1807, Congress had banned the importation of slaves into America, but by 1850, they encouraged the capturing of freed slaves in the North and sending them back into servitude. This contradiction adds to division because it proved to northerners that the government would bend to the South’s desire to keep slavery. Emerson viewed this act as immoral and felt that if the government implemented it, the Union would immediately fall apart. In a way, Emerson’s view was not wrong, as the Fugitive Slave Act did contribute to increasing division between the North and South over slavery (Doc. D). Another issue that led to the crumbling of the Union was the debate over popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty embodied the idea that the new states coming into the Union should be allowed to decide for themselves whether they would allow slavery or not. This belief is rooted in the Compromise of 1850, which was basically an effort to maintain the balance between the slave states in the South and the free states in the North. A map depicting the Compromise of 1850 shows the slave states in the South, the free states in the North, and the new territories that could be swayed either way. The reason the possibility of popular sovereignty in these territories caused controversy was because whatever way they went, they could potentially upset the balance between the North and South, which could lead to serious conflict over slavery (Doc. A). President Jefferson Davis further explains the debate over popular sovereignty in terms of the Constitution. Although the Constitution does address state power through amendments, it was unable to prevent opinions regarding a lack of state sovereignty from developing in the North. This proves that the Constitution was becoming weak and unable to meet the conditions of that time period. Also, the states are beginning to feel entitled to their rights and are forgetting that the Union existed based on a combination of the states (Doc. H). The Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave the settlers of that land the right to decide whether they would be slave states or not. This act increased tensions around slavery amongst the settlers and thus led to violence because some settlers were advocates of slavery and then others were against slavery. The artist of this cartoon depicted a freesoiler being held down by Presidential  nominee James Buchanan and Democratic senator Lewis Cass on the â€Å"Democratic Platform,† which was a shot at the Democratic Party because many blamed them for the increase in violence towards anti-slavery settlers in Kansas. The platform is labeled with â€Å"Kansas,† â€Å"Cuba,† and â€Å"Central America,† which represents the alleged Democratic goals of spreading slavery outside of America. The freesoiler is being fed a slave by Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas and President Franklin Pierce. This cartoon shows that many people felt that the new states were being forced to accept slavery by the Democratic Party (Doc. F). Sectionalism increased tensions between the North and South and thus contributed to the failure of the Union by splitting the nation apart on several key issues. Sectionalism is when a part of the nation, either the North or South, puts their owns interests over the whole nation’s concerns. Sectionalism can often lead to states breaking apart from the Union. From the period 1850-1861, the North and South were split over slavery and whether the new territories being added to the Union should be slave or free. The only way to prevent conflict over sectional issues is to have a strong Constitution that addresses the needs of each area of the country. Without that, the Union will inevitably fail (Doc. B). President James Buchanan, who felt that in order to preserve the Union, the Constitution must protect the rights of the South, further explains this idea. If the needs of the states are not met, then the states have the right to withdraw from the Union because of their own sovere ignty. To prevent the succession of the South, Congress should recognize slavery, protect the right of slavery in new territories, and support the Fugitive Slave Act (Doc. G). President Abraham Lincoln felt that sectionalism and succession would lead to the demise of the Union. To even consider leaving the Union, a state has to feel that it is better than all the others and will be more successful on its own. However, no state in America had ever been on its own, leading President Lincoln to believe that no state can truly fend for itself (Doc. I). Because it was believed that succession would lead to the failure of the Union, sectionalism was discouraged because it would split the country apart. In reality, sectionalism occurred anyway and resulted in the North and South being divided based on slavery. The actions of the government along with conflicts over popular sovereignty in new territories and sectionalism contributed to increasing tensions between the North and South, especially over slavery, and overall weakened the Union. The actions the government took during the period of 1850-1861 influenced the division between the North and South over slavery by passing the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act. The Compromise of 1850 created controversy over popular sovereignty because it would give new states the right to decide for themselves if they would support slavery or not. The combination of government actions and popular sovereignty resulted in sectionalism, which furthered the divide between the North and South.